SPOROZOA Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Where does plasmodium and babesia belong to?
A
Phylum apicomplexia and class sporozoan
2
Q
No obvious structure for motility
A
Sporozoan
3
Q
Associated with human malaria cases
A
Plasmodium spp.
4
Q
4 species of plasmodium that are medically important in humans
A
P. Falciparum
P. Vivax
P. Malariae
P. Ovale
5
Q
What plasmodium spp. are responsible for 90% of all human malaria cases?
A
P. Falciparum
P. Vivax
6
Q
Normally a parasite of macaques
A
P. Knowlesi
7
Q
What is the meaning of the italian word mal’aria?
A
Bad air
8
Q
Considered to be the most important parasitic disease affecting man
A
Malaria
9
Q
What is the vector of malaria?
A
Female anopheles mosquito
10
Q
Principal vector for malaria
A
Anopheles minimus var. flavirostris
11
Q
Associated with malaria transmission in Sulu, Mindanao
A
Anopheles litoralis
12
Q
Coexist with flavirostis and portion of strain exposed to sunlight
A
Anopheles maculates
13
Q
Appears to preferred habitats located in forest fringe
A
Anopheles mangymus
14
Q
What is the final host of plasmodium?
A
Female anopheles mosquito
15
Q
What is the intermediate host of plasmodium?
A
Man
16
Q
What are the infective stages of plasmodium?
A
Sporozoites (man)
Gametocytes (mosquito)
17
Q
What is the biological vector of plasmodium?
A
Anopheles flavirostris
18
Q
Adult biting of plasmodium
A
Night biting (indoor and outdoor)
19
Q
Adult resting in plasmodium
A
Inside walls
20
Q
where does the exoerythrocytic schizogony happen?
A
liver
21
Q
what does the erythrocytic schizogony produce?
A
merozoite
22
Q
what species of plasmodium reinvade the liver to form hypnozoites?
A
p. vivax
23
Q
within the red blood cell, the merozoites of plasmodium spp. grow as a ring form developing to what?
A
trophozoite
24
Q
what is the male form of the merozoite form of plasmodium?
A
microgametocyte
25
what is the female form of merozoite of plasmodium?
macrogametocyte
26
where does the formation of zygote of plasmodium happen?
gut of the mosquito
27
what do you call the zygote of plasmodium?
ookinete
28
ookinete develops into:
oocyst
29
asexual reproduction of plasmodium
schizogony
30
where does the erythrocytic cycle (schizogony) happen?
inside the red blood cells
31
what is the sexual reproduction of plasmodium?
sporogony
32
the interval from sporozoite injection to detection of parasite in the blood
prepatent period
33
time between sporozoite injection to the appearance of clinical symptoms
incubation period
34
pre-patent period of p. falciparum
11-14 days
35
incubation period of p. falciparum
8-15 days
36
pre-patent period of p. vivax
11-15 days
37
incubation period of p. vivax
12-20 days
38
pre-patent period of malariae
3-4 weeks
39
incubation period of p malariae
18-40 days
40
pre-patent period of p. ovale
14-26 days
41
incubation period of p ovale
11-16 days
42
size RBC: normal
trophozoite: usually not present
no. of merozoite in schizont: 8-36
stipplings: maurers, stephens, christopher
ring forms: single, multiple
chromatin dot: single, double
applique/accole: present
gametocyte: macro- cresent; micro- banana; sausage shape
stages in peripheral blood: ring forms and gametocytes
P. falciparum
43
size RBC: enlarged
trophozoite: ameboid
no. of merozoite in schizont: 12-24
stipplings: schuffner
ring forms: single
chromatin dot: single, dense, big
applique/accole: N/A
gametocyte: large, round, oval
stages in peripheral blood: ALL
P. vivax
44
size RBC: normal or slightly smaller
trophozoite: band form
no. of merozoite in schizont: 6-12 in rosette form
stipplings: Ziemmans
ring forms: single
chromatin dot: single
applique/accole: N/A
gametocyte: large, round, oval
stages in peripheral blood:
p. malariae
45
size RBC: normal or slightly enlarged
trophozoite: fimbriated
no. of merozoite in schizont: 8
stipplings: James
ring forms: single
chromatin dot: single
applique/accole: N/A
gametocyte: large, round, oval
stages in peripheral blood: ALL
p. ovale
46
these plasmodium spp. infects only young RBC and the RBC size becomes enlarged
p. vivax
p. ovale
47
this plasmodium spp. infects mature or aging RBC; size of the RBC is slightly smalle
p. malariae
48
these plasmodium spp. infects RBCs of all ages
p. falciparum
p. knowlesi
49
in the case of this plasmodium spp., young infected RBC do not appear enlarged or distorted as in the case of vivax and ovale
p. falciparum
50
appear as large coarse brick red dots, which appear to be smaller referred to as the Schuffner's dot and James dots
maurers cleft
51
kidney infected with P. falciparum resulting to marked hemoglobinuria which eventually results to acute renal failure, tubular necrosis, and nephrotic syndrome
black water fever
52
ring shape with red chromatin dot and blue cytoplasm. develops into late trophozoite
early trophozoite form
53
large chromatin mass and prominent cytoplasm which is spread through the RBC
late trophozoite
54
occurs when the chromatin is divided into two or more masses of chromatin with small amount of cytoplasm known as merozoite
schizont
55
fills the RBC. characterized by large chromatin mass and blue cytoplasm containing pigment
gametocytes
56
sudden coldness and apprehension
mild shivering turns to teeth chattering and shaking of the whole body
cold stage
57
how long does the cold stage last?
15-60 minutes
58
what is the best stage to collect the blood sample for diagnosis of malaria?
hot stage/ flush phase
59
high temp (40-41C), headache, palpitations, epigastric discomfort, thirst, nausea and vomiting
px is confused and delirious
hot stage/ flush phase
60
how long does the flush phase last?
2 to 6 hours
61
profuse sweating, temperature lowers and symptoms diminishes
sweating stage
defervescence
diaphoresis
62
renewal of parasitemia or its clinical features arising from persistent undetectable
relapse
63
relapse is common to these plasmodium species
p. vivax
p. ovale
64
diffuse symmetric, encephalopathy, retinal hemorrhages, bruxism, mild neck stiffness. if left untreated may lead to coma and death
cerebral malaria
65
what is the febrile cycle, interval, and common victims of p. falciparum?
malignant tertian, 36-48 hours, all
66
what is the febrile cycle, interval, and common victims of p.vivax?
benign tertain, 48 hours, young
67
what is the febrile cycle, interval, and common victims of p. malariae?
quartan, 72 jours, adult
68
what is the febrile cycle, interval, and common victims of p. malariae?
quartan, 72 hours, adult
69
what is the febrile cycle, interval, and common victims of p. ovale?
ovale tertian, 48 hours, young
70
what determines the interval between attack?
length of erythrocytic cycle
71
these plasmodium spp.'s paroxysm occurs in alternate dtaes
p. vivax
p. ovale
72
these plasmodium spp.'s paroxysm occurs every 72 hours, causing paroxysm in days 1 and 4 hence the term quartan malaria
p. malariae
73
these plasmodium spp.'s paroxysm lacks exoerythrocytic stage, fever follows quotidian pattern or nonrelaxing
p. knowlesi
74
manner of reporting of microscopic analysis for plasmodium spp.
1+
2+
3+
4+
1-10 prst/100 thick field
11-100 prst/100 thick field
1-10 prst/thick field
>10 prst/ thick field
75
detects plasmodium-specific antigens in finger prick sample by the use of immunochromatographic method
rapid diagnostic test (RDT)
76
water soluble CHON produced by trophozoites and young gametocytes
Histidine-rich protein II (HRP II)
77
produced by both sexual and asexual stages and can distinguish between P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum
plasmodium LDH
78
what is the main disadvantage of RDT
lack of sensitivity at low level of parasitemia
79
uses a special capillary tube with acridine orange
positive is bright green and yellow under fluorescent microscope
quantitative buffy coat (QBC)
80
these tests cannot distinguish between current and past infections
serologic tests
81
used before the infection occurs or before it
become evident with the aim of preventing
occurrence of infection in any of its symptoms
Protective (Prophylactic)
82
Action on the established infection
Curative (Therapeutic)
83
Occurrence of infection of mosquitoes to attack
gametocytes in the blood of human host
Preventive
84
first line drug for confirmed P. falciparum
cases.
Not recommended in pregnancy, lactation &
infants
Arthemether-Lumefantrine (Coartem)
85
second line drug for confirmed P. falciparum
cases which AL fail or not available
Quinine (plus Tetracycline or Doxycycline)
86
drug of choice for complicated or severe P.
falciparum malaria
Quinine IV drip
87
given on the 4th day as single dose to prevent transmission
Primaquine
88
Chemoprophylaxis
Mefloquine & Doxycyline
89
use of carabao to deviate mosquitoes
Zooprophylaxis
90
larvicidal use of biologic control methods
Bacillus thuringiensis
91
what ethnicity is resistant to malaria and why?
africans and american blacks because of duffy antigen negative
92
to what species of plasmodium is duffy antigen negative resistant to?
p vivax
p knowlesi
93
who are resistant to malaria?
sickle cell anemia
G6PD deficient individuals
person exhibiting erythrocyte structural abnormality
duffy blood group negative people
94
a primate malarial parasite common in SEA
causes malaria in long tailed macaques
may also infect humans
p knowlesi
95
most reliable methods for detecting and diagnosing p. knowlesi infection
PCR assay and molecular characterization
96
blood parasites that cause malaria-like infections
babesia spp. (babesia microti)
97
how does babesia spp. multiply?
binary fission or budding
98
how is babesia spp. transmitted?
blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and transplacental route
99
what is the vector of babesia spp.?
ticks (ixodes scapularis)
100
what is the infective stage of babesia spp.?
sporozoites
101
what is the diagnostic stage of babesia spp.?
maltese cross
102
arrangement of the merozoite and ring-form trophozoite
maltese cross
103
where does merogony of babesia spp. occur?
red blood cells
104
where does the second and third life cycle of babesia?
tick vector
105
where does gamogony of babesia spp. occur?
gut and epithelium of tick vector
106
associated with excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines such as the tumor necrosis factor
babesia spp.
107
when does fatigue, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss due to infection of babesia spp. begin to manifest?
1-6 weeks after exposure
108
when is babesia parasites detectable in blood smears?
acute stage of infection
109
drug of choice for babesia parasite
clindamycin
110
former drug of choice for babesia parasite
chloroquine
