Sport and Society (Paper 2) Flashcards

Question

what is athleticism

Answer 1

a fanatical devotion to sport involving high levels of physical endeavor with moral integrity

Answer 2

- fair play awards - hand shaking - calling the ref 'sir'

Answer 3

conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport

Answer 4

- use of NGB campaigns - fair play awards - use of technology to help match officials reach correct decisions - punish foul play on and off the pitch - use of positive role models - rigorous drug testing to ensure fairness

Answer 5

trying to deceive an official by over-acting, e.g. diving to win a free kick

Answer 6

players can reported and investigated for dangerous play, whether they are seen by the referee or not

Answer 7

bending the rules and stretching them to their absolute limit without getting caught, using whatever dubious methods possible to achieve the desired result

Answer 8

- time wasting - verbally sledging an opponent to distract them or upset them - taking an time out to appeal a decision when the team appealing knows the decision wont come thru - deliberate deception of an official to gain advantage.

Answer 9

the win at all costs where coming second isn't viewed as an option and the outcome is all that matters

Answer 10

- no drawn games - managers and coaches are if unsuccessful - high amounts of deviance - media praise for winning and negativity for losers

Answer 11

behavior which is outside the norms of society but with no intent to harm or break the rules. it involves over-adherence to the norms or expectations of society E.g. having an injury and trying to play with it, accidentally injuring other players etc.

Answer 12

behavior that goes against the norms of society and has a detrimental effect on individuals and society in general E.g. taking PEDs, deliberately harming an opponent thru aggression and a violence, accepting a bribe to lose, diving to win a penalty in football

Answer 13

physical acts committed to harm others in sport such as American football, football and ice hockey

Answer 14

- the win ethic and high rewards for success, adds pressure to performers and increased arousal, if over aroused can lead to violence. - the nature of the sport, some sports are natural more physical than others. so aggression is normal - the NGBs don't punish violence in sport properly, means that for violence the players know they can get off easy and as a result the punishment - refereeing decisions leads to frustration and then therefore aggression

Answer 15

- supporting decisions of match officials by using VAR/TMO - punishing violence missed by officials after the match - promoting good disciplinary records as positive role models in sport - impose harsh punishments - education campaigns

Answer 16

acts of vandalism and violence in public places committed especially by youths

Answer 17

unruly, violent and destructive behavior by over-zealous supporters of association football clubs

Answer 18

- emotional intensity and importance of the event e.g. a derby - too much alcohol and highs caused by drug taking - poor policing and stewarding - lack of effective deterrents - violence of the players can get reflected onto the crowd - religious discord e.g. Celtic vs rangers - frustration of a team losing can lead to someone being violent

Answer 19

- ban or control alcohol sales - impose tougher deterrents e.g. bans from matches etc. - using cctv to identify and eject individuals for their disorder - removal of terraces, segregation of fans, family zones to make a more civilized environment - playing kick off times imposed by police (e.g. early KO times can avoid high levels of alcoohl consumption) - passing laws

Answer 20

- creates a negative depiction of the sport, this may decrease the amount of people of attending matches and simultaneously decreases sponsorship and money to fund the sport. - some fans may be banned from away games even if they are not violent. they'll all be treated as hooligans. - could also disrepute a particular country and their chances of hosting future comeptitons such as the world cup

Answer 21

- Punishing performers who are aggressive, even if they are not punished by the official at the time for example fines or suspensions. - If a manager tells a player who is overly aggressive to leave the club this helps to show the other players that aggressive actions will not be tolerated. - Substituting the player/ losing their place in the team - Educating players about aggression and giving them methods to control it. E.g- deep breathing - Positively reinforcing the performance of non-aggressive players and giving them praise. - Having players agree to behaviour contracts - Fine the player or punishing them at training e.g-suicide runs

Answer 22

- Supporting the decisions of match officials - Punishing violence by performers missed by officials after the match by using video evidence. - Use of post-match video evidence where individuals have been cited by referees as performing violent actions worthy of further investigation. - Promoting performers with good disciplinary records as positive role models in their sport. - Imposing harsh punishments for violent actions on the field of play e.g. - long bans/heavy fines - Introducing education campaigns/ awards linked to Fair Play e.g.- the FA’s Respect Campaign

Answer 23

- a win at all costs mentality - fame and fortune attached to success if they evade detection - high levels of pressure to win from family, coaches, media etc. - lack of effective deterrents - poor role models set a bad example

Answer 24

- some use beta blockers to relax their nerves where fine motor control is required - others may use anabolic steroids to increase their aggression in high contact sports - stimulants are used to raise a performers belief that they can achieve even when the competition is of the highest standard

Answer 25

in competitive sports, doping refers to the use of banned performance enhancing drugs by athletic competitors

Answer 26

artificially produced hormones e.g. THG (a banned steroid used to increase power which was tweaked by chemists to make it undetectable in normal tests)

Answer 27

- they aid storage of protein, promote muscle growth and the development of muscular tissue leading to increased muscular strength and power. - also lead to less fat in the muscle, a lean body weight - can improve the body's capacity to train for longer at higher intensity and decrease fatigue associated with training

Answer 28

they are beneficial to power athletes such as sprinters, power lifters etc.

Answer 29

- liver damage - heart and immune system problems - acne and behavior changes

Answer 30

drugs used to calm an individual down and decrease anxiety by counteracting the adrenaline that interferes with performance by preventing it from binding to nerve receptors.

Answer 31

- they can be used to improve accuracy in precision sports through steadying in the nerves - they calm performance anxiety and aid performance by keeping the heart rate low and decreasing the tremble in the hands - they work by widening the arteries allowing increased blood flow and reducing involuntary muscle spasms

Answer 32

athletes of high precision sports e.g. archery, snooker, darts, gold etc.

Answer 33

- tiredness due to low blood pressure and slower heart rate which affects aerobic capacity

Answer 34

Erythropoietin, a natural hormone produced in the kidneys to increase red blood cells. now it can be artificially manufactured to cause an increase in hemoglobin levels.

Answer 35

- it simulates red blood cell production which leads to an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the body - this results in an increase an increase of the amount of work performed and therefore increases endurance and delays the onset of fatigue - an athlete can keep going for longer and recover more quickly from training

Answer 36

endurance athletes (lond-distance runners, cyclists etc.) who need effective oxygen transport in order to succeed in their sport

Answer 37

can result to blood clotting, stroke, some cases death

Answer 38

a drug that induce a temporary improvement in mental and physical function (increased awareness and alertness) e.g. nicotine, caffeine etc.

Answer 39

- threatens the integrity of the sport - sports associated with drug cheats clouds the successes of clean athletes - provides negative role models for developing young athletes, some may feel that they can’t compete if they don’t take drugs - damages performers health - athlete can damage their reputation and future prospects - loss of income - legal action

Answer 40

- can bring fame and fortune to those who evade detection (can lead to more money thru sponsorships) - sport becomes a spectacle leading to more spectators/fans and then more money from sponsors etc. - drugs can remove effects of genetic inequality

Answer 41

- instil a drug free sporting culture - organisations involved in drug detection need to work together - punishment needs to be harder - investment required into new testing programmes - name and shame policy - guilty athletes lose funding

Answer 42

- battle to detect drugs is becoming expensive and time consuming. Money could be better off elsewhere - detection is not always effective, drug testers are one step behind as new drug become available - drugs can be taken accidentally - sacrifices made by a performer are their personal choice - if everyone takes drugs, it levels the playing field and increases the performance standards physiologically and psychologically - if drug testing is properly monitored, health risks may be lessened

Answer 43

- dangerous side effects. - creates negative role models - sets bad example from young athletes who may be tempted to use them - drug use gives negative image to certain sports because it gives an unfair advantage and are immoral, unethical and against the fair play ethic - drug taking is illegal and cheating - success in sports should be about hard work and natural talent and drug use is outside this concept - can lead to loss of sponsorship, medals/achievements, future prospects etc. - may be subject to legal disputes

Answer 44

- spectators attacking players - opponents being too violent t - contractual issues with employers - equality of opportunites - refereeing negligence

Answer 45

Conduct that falls below a reasonable person standard and leads to a breach of duty of care which results in foreseeable harm to another

Answer 46

A legal obligation imposed on someone if they are responsible for a group of people

Answer 47

Allowing a match to be played on surface that hasn’t been checked prior to the match starting

Answer 48

- health and safety, access to first aid; means to contact emergency services - protection from abuse, should protect children from all form of abuse both emotional and physical - supplements, legal and ethical responsibility to educate athletes about drug use and abuse and provide general and appropriate advice on legal nutrition and supplements which can be used to enhance performance - duty of care

Answer 49

- keeping up to date contacts - maintaining appropriate supervision ratios (e.g. 24 students to one teacher) - ensuring that first aid provision is available at the club - ensuring DBS clearance - making sure appropriate risk assessments for the activities being coached

Answer 50

- removal of perimeter fences; all seater stadia to replace terraces - control of alcohol sales on the way and in grounds - specified kick off times imposed by the police (e.g. early KOs to reduce likelihood of alcohol consumption) - increased security and police presence - tougher deterrents

Answer 51

the idea that the media are all strongly interlinked and mutually dependant

Answer 52

- increased income to the sport for allowing events to be televised - increased promotion of the sport to gain more fans and popularity - increased sponsorship and income from business sources to have their name at grounds and sporting events - sports are organised and funded which improves the way they are run - improved facilities benefits performer and spectator alike

Answer 53

- possibility of sensationalist media reporting which focuses too much on negative aspects of a sport - the media and sponsors can dictate kick off times and scheduling of sports events, tot he detriment of performers and fans - the media and sponsors - can change the nature of a sporting activity (longer breaks in play for advertising) - sponsors and media can bee too demanding on elite performers and coaches - sponsorship deals can increase the pressure to win or maintain lucrative contracts with companies willing to pay for an association with successful sports and sports performer

Answer 54

a number of sporting events at a national and international level must be available for viewing on terrestrial or free-to-access TV rather than on satellite and subscription channels

Answer 55

- to access the widest number and range of viewers - to avoid restricting coverage to subscription channels available only to those who can afford them - to increase geographical access to all viewers in all parts of the country to major events - to enable viewing of certain events which are seen as part of our sporting heritage and culture - to enable access to sporting events which should be freely available to all to view

Answer 56

- they have high levels of skill for viewers to watch and admire - they are visually appealing and demonstrate physical challenge - easily understood with relatively simple rule structures - they are seen as nationally relevant with easily identifiable personalities and role models.

Answer 57

- increase the profile of the sport and role models within it - increased participation - more variation of a sport (e.g. T20 cricket) to make it media friendly - generates higher levels of income and sport more appealing to sponsors and therefore develops future commercial opportunities to the sport and performers - increased standards in performances as well as behaviour - rule changes leading to a speeding up of action/more excitement in a sport (e.g. pen shoot-outs etc.)

Answer 58

- NGBs/sports performers lose control to TV sponsors - media control the location of events as well as kick off times - too much sport on TV can lead to possible boredom and reduced attendance for local teams/less popular sports - inequalities of coverage, more popular gain at the expense of minority sports like squash - demands of media and sponsors negatively impact on high level performers - media can over-dramatise certain negative events in sport - more breaks in play disrupting the spectator experience

Answer 59

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport

Answer 60

When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised usually as an attempt to increase the sales of their goods

Answer 61

The practise in which the brand or image from one product is used to sell another e.g. pro sports teams performers promote various products

Answer 62

- professional sport ; High quality - sponsorship and business - sport is a part of mass entertainment - contracts - athletes as commodities - wide media coverage

Answer 63

- receiving high incomes for sport participation and commercial activities - paid for successful results ; makes winning important - can be put under pressure to perform when injured - must specialise in a sport in order to compete - entertainers become household names ; e.g. Messi and Ronaldo - performers may suffer from a lack of privacy

Answer 64

- rules and scoring systems have been changed to prevent spectator boredom - broadcast breaks to promote products of sponsors - competition formats have changed ; T20 cricket - sports played women receive less coverage ; negative impacts on participation and funding for female sports - increased use of technology led to a more personal experience for the viewer

Answer 65

- increases sales, publicity, profit, brand awareness - creates association with excellence (due to high level of sport) and healthy image - opportunity to link to corporate hospitality - sponsorship can decrease amount of tax paid by a company - improves company morale

Answer 66

The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvement in communication and travel

Answer 67

- sponsorship of events - the way players are recruited to play to play for teams not in their country - spreading of different sports to new nations e.g. 1994 World Cup was hosted in America a country not fully associated with football at the time - increasing pressure on athletes to perform to they best ; may lead to use of illegal substances to maintain high performance levels and the rewards with them

Answer 68

a systematic process of investigation and study carried out with the aim of advancing knowledge

Answer 69

studying data from sports performances to try to improve performance

Answer 70

data that can be written down or measured precisely and numerically

Answer 71

data that is descriptive and looks at the way people think or feel

Answer 72

fact-based information which is measurable and usable (not affected by the thoughts and beliefs of the researcher)

Answer 73

data based on personal opinions, assumptions etc.

Answer 74

an indication of whether the data collected actually measures what it claims

Answer 75

to the degree to which data collection is consistent and stable over time

Answer 76

a technique used to get information about moving objects from video. it is useful in the individual analysis of technical performance

Answer 77

- notional match analysis - biomechanics

Answer 78

- used to record aspects of individual/team performance - take place thru the study of movement patterns, strategy and tacits - gathers objective data

Answer 79

- used to analyse the sporting impact of body movements. - quantitative based -

Sport and Society (Paper 2) Flashcards

(103 cards)