Sports Pschology (PAPER 2)

Question 1

What is a skill?

Answer 1

A skill in physical activity is a specific, defined task that can be learned and practised.
They contribute to the performance of an overall activity.
Each sport or physical activity can be broken down into a group of skills that can be practised.

Question 2

How and why do we classify skills?

Answer 2

Skills can be grouped together based upon characteristics that they share.
Classification of skills allows us to easily analyse and describe skills.
If you know the classification of a skill, you can create an appropriate practices to improve it.

Question 3

What is a continuum?

Answer 3

A continuum is a line that goes between two extremes.

Question 4

The classification continuums:

Answer 4

Environmental influence (Closed / Open)
Difficulty (Basic / Complex)
Organisation Level (High / Low)

Question 5

Why are skills put onto a continuum?

Answer 5

Very few skills are, for example, completely closed or completely open. Continuums allow for flexibility based on the characteristics of a skill, instead of trying to place all skills at an extreme.

Question 6

Environmental Influence Continuum:

Answer 6

The environmental influence continuum considers the factors that surround the athlete as they perform the skill.

Question 7

Closed skill:

Answer 7

Not affected by the environment.

They are predictable.

Timing of the skill is down to the athlete (self-paced).

Very few variables outside of the athlete’s control.

Question 8

Open skill:

Answer 8

Heavily affected by an unpredictable and changeable environment.

Performance of the skill is influenced by conditions of play, teammates and opponents.

Lots of variables outside of the athlete’s control. They must react and adapt.

Question 9

example of closed skill:

Answer 9

Javelin is a very closed skill.
Why?
The exact timing of the throw is down to the athlete (it is self-paced).
The athlete throws the same weight javelin in a very similar environment every single time.
Very few variables are outside the athlete’s control.

Question 10

example of open skill:

Answer 10

A rugby tackle is a very open skill.
Why?
The timing and style of the tackle is heavily influenced by many factors.
E.g. the ball carrier, the tackler’s teammates, the position on the pitch.
A player must adapt and react to their opponent to make the tackle successfully.

Question 11

Difficulty Continuum:

Answer 11

The difficulty continuum considers how complicated skills are and how much attention and concentration is required to complete them.

Question 12

basic/simple skill:

Answer 12

Have few sub-routines.

Require relatively low level of attention to complete.

Question 13

complex skill:

Answer 13

Made up of lots of sub-routines.

Require great concentration because they are very difficult.

Question 14

example of basic/simple skill:

Answer 14

200m running is a very
basic skill.
Have few sub-routines.

Require relatively low level of attention to complete.

Question 15

example of complex skill:

Answer 15

Triple jump is a highly complex skill.
Made up of lots of sub-routines.

Require great concentration because they are very difficult.

Question 16

low organisation:

Answer 16

Can be easily split into sub-routines.

Each sub-routine can be practised separately.

Question 17

high organisation:

Answer 17

Very difficult to split into sub-routines.

Are seen as whole actions which must be practised in their entirety.

Question 18

example of low organisation skill:

Answer 18

Swimming the front crawl is a low organisation skill.
Why?
Because it has clear sub-routines that can be split up and practised separately:
Arm pull
Breathing stroke
Leg kick
Tumble turn

Question 19

example of high organisation skill:

Answer 19

A golf swing is a high organisation skill.
Why?
This is because it is almost impossible to break it down into sub-routines when practising it.
You have to practise the golf swing in its entirety (whole skill at the same time).

Question 20

guidance:

Answer 20

Guidance looks at methods of helping the learner through movement patterns.

Question 21

what are the different types of guidance:

Answer 21

Mechanical
Verbal
Visual
Manual

Question 22

what is visual guidance?

Answer 22

Visual Guidance = showing the performer what to do or how they are performing

This method works mainly through DEMONSTRATION or VIDEO ANALYSIS.

The demonstration should:
Be realistic, appropriate and not too complex.
Emphasise relevant aspects of a skill and be repeated.
The coach should reinforce correct copying of skills.

It is useful for beginners (cognitive stage of learning)

Question 23

what is an example of visual guidance?

Answer 23

A beginner watching a coaches demonstration of a netball bounce pass.
A swim coach demonstrating the arm action of breaststroke
A athletic coach demonstrating the high jump
Video guidance - professional demonstration

Question 24

what are the advantages of visual guidance?

Answer 24

Advantages:
Learners can see the correct model
Can be used to highlight a weakness in more developed athletes

Question 25

what are the disadvantages of visual guidance?

Answer 25

Disadvantages: May be difficult to do in a large group Too much information might overload beginner The performer might not be capable of matching the demonstration - demotivating If demonstration is inaccurate then errors may be replicated

Question 26

what is verbal guidance?

Answer 26

Verbal guidance = Information given to a performer to help them develop that they can hear. It involves a coach telling a performer something. It is often used to accompany visual guidance The amount of verbal guidance must be controlled and the quality of this guidance is important for effective coaching or teaching. To make guidance effective, you should give it in relevant ‘chunks’ and the demonstrations should be accurate

Question 27

what is an example of verbal guidance?

Answer 27

Coach explaining tactics to a group of players in the final training session before a game. Coach explaining the key points of a lay up

Question 28

what are the advantages of verbal guidance?

Answer 28

Advantages: Can be used to explain tactics It can be given immediately Can be linked with visual guidance Can be used as a trigger to promote the correct action during practice - while the learner is doing it

Question 29

what are the disadvantages of verbal guidance?

Answer 29

Disadvantages: Too much information might overload beginners Language may be too technical for a beginner - they may not understand certain terminology The performer might lose concentration - can be boring

Question 30

what is manual guidance?

Answer 30

Manual guidance = Information given to a performer to help them develop that involves them being physically moved into the correct position. This method uses physical support or placing limbs in correct positions. Most useful for beginners This develops a performers kinaesthetic awareness (feeling of the skill) It also may be used for safety reasons

Question 31

what is an example of manual guidance?

Answer 31

a coach supporting a gymnast during an asymmetric bar movement or performing somersaults A swim coach moving a swimmers legs in the correct breaststroke legs technique A tennis coaches holding the arms of tennis players to help them learn the movement of a forehand stroke.

Question 32

what are the advantages of manual guidance?

Answer 32

Eliminates danger Builds confidence Gives an early feel and develops early kinaesthesis Reduces fear and anxiety Helps break a complex movement into parts

Question 33

what are the disadvantages of manual guidance?

Answer 33

Requires one-to-one support - not realisitic The performer may become dependent on the support It is used too much it can interfere with kinaesthesis The proximity of the coach might be upsetting An incorrect feel of the skill could result in bad habits

Question 34

what is mechanical guidance?

Answer 34

Mechanical guidance = Using equipment to assist in the learning process. This method uses a mechanical aid This type of guidance gives confidence and ensures safety. Useful for beginners, but also experts in training sessions Gives some idea of kinaesthetic sense of movement. The performer can become over-reliant on the mechanical device used so it must be removed as they learn

Question 35

what is an example of mechanical guidance?

Answer 35

Stabilisers on a bike Flotation devices for swimming. Somersault rig for trampolinists.

Question 36

what are the advantages of mechanical guidance?

Answer 36

Advantages: Eliminates danger Builds confidence Gives an early kinaesthetic feel for the whole skill Can be used with disabled athletes

Question 37

what are the disadvantages of mechanical guidance?

Answer 37

Disadvantages: If used too much it will interfere with kinaesthesis The performer might depend on it too much May encourage bad habits

Question 38

Verbal guidance technology:

Answer 38

An MP3 player can play digital audio files. Performers are able to listen to verbal guidance (from a peer or coach) to reinforce technique or effort. The use of this technology is developing rapidly, sue to an update facility of the audio file via a PC or Mac.

Question 39

Visual guidance technology

Answer 39

Like other digital players, IPod and mobile phone apps can produce digital video displays, act as external data storage devices, and so can be used to transfer audio files, photos and videos that could provide visual guidance to both coach and performer at a later date (as opposed to in real time).

Question 40

feedback:

Answer 40

Feedback = information received during or after a performance, about the performance.

Question 41

what are the four types of feedback?

Answer 41

The 4 types of feedback you need to know: Intrinsic feedback Extrinsic feedback Concurrent feedback Terminal feedback

Question 42

what is intrinsic feedback?

Answer 42

Intrinsic Feedback = Information a performer receives about their performance that comes from within and is linked to how a movement feels Intrinsic feedback comes from within - it is internal It relates to how a movement feels, which is known as kinaesthesis Beginners will not be able to rely on this feedback because they will not have a developed knowledge and understanding of how skills should feel. Experienced performers have developed knowledge and understanding of kinaesthetic feel and will know if a movement is correct or incorrect. They will be much more capable of self assessing and self correcting because of their extra experience.

Question 43

what is an example of intrinsic feedback?

Answer 43

Sporting Example: An elite tennis player knowing they hit their serve incorrectly

Question 44

what is extrinsic feedback?

Answer 44

Extrinsic Feedback = Information a performer receives about their performance from a coach / external information Extrinsic feedback comes from a coach. The feedback will normally come in the form of visual or verbal guidance as a coach relays what the performer did right and wrong, and shows them how they looked. Beginners need this kind of feedback to let them know how they have done and motivate and encourage them to keep trying. More experienced performers are likely to use extrinsic feedback within intrinsic feedback to gain a full picture of how they did before deciding on what needs to be improved.

Question 45

what is an example of extrinsic feedback?

Answer 45

Sporting Example: A beginner swimmer being told to kick their legs more during the front crawl stroke

Question 46

what is concurrent feedback?

Answer 46

Concurrent Feedback = Information a performer receives about their performance during the activity. Concurrent feedback takes place during the performance and can be intrinsic or extrinsic. If an activity lasts long enough, a performer can make adjustments as they go. They could feel they’re doing something wrong and alter it A coach could verbally instruct them to make a change during their performance This method of feedback is suited to experienced athletes as they are able to cope with more information as they perform, as well as having kinaesthetic awareness, but can also be helpful for beginners to give simple instructions to error correct.

Question 47

what is an example of concurrent feedback?

Answer 47

Sporting Example: the internal awareness of the gymnasts as an over balance is detected on the beam. Her awareness improves the skills or techniques while she is performing. Sport Example: an intermediate hockey player being told to move her hand down the stick as she dribbles

Question 48

what is terminal feedback?

Answer 48

Terminal Feedback = Information a performer receives about their performance after the activity has been completed. Terminal feedback is received after the performance. It could come straight away or some time later. It is always from an extrinsic feedback source. A coach could talk the performer through what they saw or the performer could watch a replay. Many sports teams run full video analysis sessions with their players which are an example of terminal feedback. To be effective it needs to be delivered as soon as possible. I can be used for elite and beginner performers

Question 49

what is an example of terminal feedback?

Answer 49

Sporting Example: A coach telling a footballer they only made 10 successful passes in a game

Question 50

factors affecting the choice of practice structure include:

Answer 50

Type of skills to be taught Complexity of the skill Classification of the skill Environment Ability level of the performer Motivational level of the performer

Question 51

what are the four types of practice structures?

Answer 51

Massed Distributed Fixed Variable

Question 52

fixed practice:

Answer 52

Fixed practice is when the whole movement of a skill is repeatedly practised in the same way so it becomes well learned. The skill is not broken down in to smaller parts.

Question 53

what is an example of fixed practice:

Answer 53

Golfers use fixed practice so their golf swing becomes well learned. Free throw in basketball.

Question 54

when is fixed practice used

Answer 54

When the sport is mainly made up of closed skills. The performer practices in a situation as similar to the performance situation as possible.

Question 55

Designing a fixed practice:

Answer 55

The situation does not change The routine is repeated and ‘grooved’ until it becomes automatic. The equipment stays the same.

Question 56

advantages and disadvantages of fixed practice?

Answer 56

Advantages Train someone to perform a closed skill more consistently. Introduces someone to a new skill for the first time. Disadvantages Could be boring

Question 57

Variable practice:

Answer 57

Variable practice is when the same skill is repeated in different situations. When different situations arise during performance, the performer has already had experience of them. Practising against an opponent makes sure the skill of passing is performed in slightly different ways.

Question 58

what is an example of variable practice?

Answer 58

England football players training in a conditioned game. A conditioned game is similar to full game but certain rules are applied to ensure certain skills are practised. or the performer could start by practising a skill in isolation, then bring in an opponent so it is a 1:1 situation, then bring in two opponents so it is 2:1. Each time to focus on a new skill.

Question 59

when is variable practice used?

Answer 59

When a sport is mainly made up of open skills because the situation is often changing. Basic or complex skills because we can complete the same skill in more challenging situations.

Question 60

advantages and disadvantages of variable practice?

Answer 60

Advantages: Learning the skills in different situations means that when different situations arise during performance, the performer has already had experience of them. Gives motivation Allows adaptation Mixture of both massed and distributed practice. Disadvantages: Time consuming Fatigue

Question 61

massed prcatice:

Answer 61

Massed practice is when there are little or no breaks in a session. The same skill is repeated over and over again, for example 30 minutes of forehand drives in tennis.

Question 62

what is an example of massed prcatice

Answer 62

An example would be a rally in badminton where the learner must repeatedly perform drop shots. It causes fatigue and therefore stimulates the late stages of a game.

Question 63

what is an example of massed practice

Answer 63

An example would be a rally in badminton where the learner must repeatedly perform drop shots. It causes fatigue and therefore stimulates the late stages of a game.

Question 64

when is massed practice used?

Answer 64

when the skill is simple closed low organisation not dangerous when the performer is; experienced skilled motivated very fit

Question 65

advantages and disadvantages of massed practice?

Answer 65

Advantages: The correct movement is grooved (getting the feel of the skill) so it is repeated next time. Increases fitness Enhances overlearning Efficient Encourages a habitual (expected) response. Disadvantages: X No time for feedback X Fatigue X Too demanding X Can be boring X It can also be tiring, leading to errors and potentially accidents.

Question 66

what is distributed practice?

Answer 66

Distributed practice is when there are breaks in the session providing rest periods or changes of activity. There are fewer repetitions and several skills can be practised rather than just one.

Question 67

example of distributed practice?

Answer 67

five attempts at kicking the rugby ball at posts, then rest and receive feedback from coach, while another player has their turn.

Question 68

when is distributed practice used?

Answer 68

when performer is: beginner young not very fit when the skill is complex open high organisation dangerous

Question 69

advantages and disadvantages of distributed practice

Answer 69

Advantages: Allows recovery Less mental pressure Allows mental rehearsal Reduces danger The performer doesn’t get too tired. It prevents boredom / keeps motivation high. Disadvantages: Time consuming - may be difficult in large groups

Question 70

Psychological Warm Up

Answer 70

a performer gets mentally ready to give their very best.

Question 71

Mental Rehearsal

Answer 71

practicing the skill in your head before actually doing it.

Question 72

When can mental preparation be used?

Answer 72

In a warm up (psychological warm up) Right before a skill is performed (mental rehearsal) During competition, in a break or quarter/half time

Question 73

A psychological warm up is useful for the athlete to:

Answer 73

Focus their mind Rehearse any tactics they’re about to use Time to do mental rehearsal Engage in positive self-talk Review their goals Do some deep breathing

Question 74

Many athletes will listen to music during a warm up. Why?

Answer 74

This may help them relax and zone out distractions. They may have a special playlist of songs to motivate them for what's ahead.

Question 75

Psychological Warm Up Methods:

Answer 75

Mindfulness Trigger words Imagery Mental rehearsal Negative thought stopping Deep breathing Positive thinking / self talk

Question 76

why is Mental rehearsal important?

Answer 76

Athletes must be able to control their ‘arousal’ and make sure it’s at the appropriate level for the sport or skill they’re about to do. These techniques help athletes to control their arousal, which allows them to focus.

Question 77

Deep breathing, What is it and why do it?

Answer 77

The athlete adjusts their breathing in order to become relaxed.

Question 78

Deep breathing, how?

Answer 78

The athlete should find a relaxing environment Perform a series of breaths Each breath should be slow, deep and rhythmic

Question 79

Imagery, What is it and why do it?

Answer 79

The athlete visualises (mentally rehearses) themselves performing. This helps to increase their confidence.

Question 80

imagery, how?

Answer 80

This can be used by athletes before competition The athlete creates a mental picture of their performance The picture should focus on the skills they need to perform The athlete should picture positive outcomes

Question 81

Positive self talk, What is it and why do it?

Answer 81

A pep talk designed to increase an athlete's confidence.

Question 82

positive self talk, how?

Answer 82

Athletes should develop a phrase they can repeat to themselves during training It should be a positive phrase! Useful before or during competition for reassurance and confidence

Question 83

example of imagery?

Answer 83

Owen Farrell uses a set routine every time he kicks a conversion in rugby. He uses imagery to visualise the flight of the ball. Routines allow players to focus and concentrate. They imagine themselves performing the skill successfully.

Question 84

example of deep breathing?

Answer 84

usain bolt takes a deep breath when he is on the block, this helps him to focus

Question 85

example of positive self talk?

Answer 85

Michel Jordan uses positive self talk before a game

Question 86

advantages of mental preparation

Answer 86

builds confidence improves concentration improve results overcome problems reduce anxiety