Sports psychology

Question 1

Type A personality traits

Answer 1

• highly competitive
• desire to succeed
• likes to be in control

Question 2

2 types of motivation

Answer 2

Intrinsic - drive from within
Extrinsic - outside source, trophy or reward.

Question 3

Type B personality traits

Answer 3

• not competitive
• not ambitious
• not prone to stress

Question 4

How are positive attitudes formed

Answer 4

• belief in benefits of excercise
• being good at a particular sport
• using sport as a stress release
• enjoying sport

Question 5

How are negative attitudes formed

Answer 5

• bad past experiences
• lack of ability
• fear of taking part in sport

Question 6

Methods of changing attitudes

Answer 6

• persuasive communication
• cognitive dissonance

Question 7

What is persuasive communication

Answer 7

• active, non-cohersive attempt to reinforce or shape an attitude.
  Effectiveness depends on:
• persuader
• message
• receiver

Question 8

What is cognitive dissonance

Answer 8

• induviduals have contradictory thoughts about something
• e.g rugby player might think aerobics is girlie

Question 9

2 types of arousal

Answer 9

Somatic arousal - relating to the changing of physiological state of the body e.g increased heart rate
Cognitive arousal - relates to changing of psychological state e.g increase anxiety

Question 10

Drive theory (arousal)

Answer 10

• linear relationship between performance and arousal
• dominant response is meant to happen when performer has high arousal

Question 11

Inverted U theory (arousal)

Answer 11

• performance increases up to an optimum point, after this. It decreases.

Question 12

What is somatic anxiety

Answer 12

• increased blood pressure
• sweating
• nausea
• loss of appetite

Question 13

What is cognitive anxiety

Answer 13

• confusion
• poor concentration
• loss of confidence
  -images of failure

Question 14

Trait anxiety

Answer 14

Enduring in an individual

Question 15

Competitive trait anxiety

Answer 15

Perceive competitive situations as a threat

Question 16

State anxiety

Answer 16

Anxiety performer feels at that given moment

Question 17

Instinct theory of agression

Answer 17

• views agression as being natural, innate.
• animalistic

Question 18

Frustration agression hypothesis

Answer 18

• frustration will always lead to agression
• any blockage of performers goals leads to frustration which then leads then to agression
• if success follows then agression leads to catharsis

Question 19

Social learning theory (aggression)

Answer 19

-aggression learned by observation of others behaviour
- performer then imitates that aggressive behaviour
- e.g seeing a team mate make a foul which stops opposition play better, performer will copy

Question 20

Aggressive cue hypothesis

Answer 20

-For aggression to occur, certain stimuli must be present
- stimuli can be cues performer already links to aggression such as a baseball bat
- frustration causes an increase in arousal and a readiness for aggression.

Question 21

Social facilitaion

Answer 21

The positive influence on performance of others who may be watching or competing

Question 22

Social inhibition

Answer 22

Negative influence on performance of others who may be watching

Question 23

Factors that affect social facilitation/inhibition

Answer 23

Home vs Away - teams often win at home, due to nature of audience
Personality types - high anxiety (type A) performers perform worse than low anxiety (type B) performers in front of a crowd. Extroverts also perform better than introverts in front of a crowd.
Level of experience - autonomous performers, perform better in front of a crowd than cognitive due to the dominant response being correct
Type of skill - gross skill helped by high arousal therefore audience facilitates performance.

Question 24

Group dynamics (forming)

Answer 24

• high dependence on leader
• group members are getting to know eachother
• little agreement on aims of the group
• individual roles are unclear

Question 25

Group dynamics (storming)

Answer 25

- group decisions are difficult - team members establishing themselves - focus is clearer - leader has more advisory role

Question 26

Group dynamics (norming)

Answer 26

- roles and responsibilities are accepted - decisions made through group agreement - strong sense of commitment - team members are social

Question 27

Group dynamics (performing)

Answer 27

- clear vision and aim - focus is on achieving goals - team is trusted to get on with the job at hand - team able to be personal - team does not need to be instructed or assisted

Question 28

2 factors affecting losses due to faulty processes

Answer 28

Co-ordination problems - if co-ordination and timing of team members do not match, strategies will suffer. Motivational problems - if individual members are not motivated all players will withdraw effort

Question 29

Ringleman affect

Answer 29

Individual performances increase as group size decreases

Question 30

What is SMART goal setting

Answer 30

Specific Measureable Achievable Recorded Time bound

Question 31

What is a performance goal

Answer 31

E.g achieve a certain time

Question 32

What’s a process goal

Answer 32

Technique - ensure front crawl technique is correct

Question 33

What’s an outcome goal

Answer 33

Outcome of performance - if they win

Question 34

Weiners model of attribution

Answer 34

Internal/stable - ABILITY External/stable - TASK DIFFICULTY Internal/unstable - EFFORT External/unstable - LUCK

Question 35

What is self serving bias

Answer 35

A perfromers tendency to attribute their failure to external causes and success to internal causes.

Question 36

What is the third locus

Answer 36

Locus of controllability - effort is the only thing you can control

Question 37

What is learned helplessness

Answer 37

The belief that failure is inevitable - low achievers often attribute their failures to uncontrollable factors which is what causes learned helplessness

Question 38

What is mastery orientation

Answer 38

View that an individual will be motivated by becoming an expert - performer who is mastery orientated will attribute failure to internal, controllable factors

Question 39

2 types of leader

Answer 39

Emergent - someone who comes from within the group e.g captain Prescribed - someone who is appointed externally e.g manager

Question 40

Characteristics of effective leaders

Answer 40

- good communication - high motivation - enthusiasm - ability

Question 41

Autocratic leadership style

Answer 41

- leader makes all decisions - cognitive and male performers prefer this - dangerous situation

Question 42

Democratic leadership style

Answer 42

- takes group opinion into account but leader makes overall decisions - small teams or induviduals - advanced perfromers and females

Question 43

Laissez-faire

Answer 43

Leader provides little support and team members do as they wish - elite athletes - if leader is incompetent - when group is being assessed

Question 44

Trait theory (leadership)

Answer 44

- leaders born with their quality - these traits are stable and can be used across a wide range of situations

Question 45

Social learning theory (leadership)

Answer 45

- Characteristics can be learned from others - behaviour is learned and copied

Question 46

Interactionist theory (leadership)

Answer 46

- Combining of the two - certain born qualities but can not be used in all situations

Question 47

4 causes of stress

Answer 47

- competition - conflict - frustration - climate

Question 48

Cognitive stress management techniques

Answer 48

- mental rehearsal - goal setting - positive self talk

Question 49

Somatic stress management techniques

Answer 49

- centring - progressive muscular relaxation - breathing control