sports psychology Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
define personality
A
the pattern of thoughts and feelings in a way in which we interact with our environment and other people to make us unique as a person
2
Q
what are the 2 types of personality
A
type A
type B
3
Q
describe type A personality
A
- works very fast
- has a strong desire to be successful
- likes to be in control
4
Q
describe type B personality
A
- has the ability to control levels of arousal
- has the ability to relax
- less competitive drive
5
Q
what is trait personality
A
states we are born with our traits so they are generic and inherited personality factors which are constant
6
Q
what are the 4 personality types in the trait theory
A
- stable - secure in their emotional behaviour
- unstable - highly emotional
- introvert - enjoys quiet spaces
- extrovert - seeks social stimulation
7
Q
Interactionist approach explanation of personality
A
agrees we have traits that remain constant but on occasions, trait interactions and environment can affect our personality and behaviour
7
Q
social learning explanation to personality
A
believed personality changes with environment and can be determined by people around us
7
Q
define attitude
A
a predisposition to act in a particular way towards something or someone in a person’s environment
- attitudes can be seen as positive or negative
- attitudes can be seen as part of someone’s personality
8
Q
explain the triadic model
A
beliefs - formed through past experiences and what we learn from significant others
emotions - formed through past experiences and likes / dislikes
behaviour - behaviours not always consistent with attitude
9
Q
what factors help persuasive communication
A
- person doing persuading - role model or highly respected person
- quality of message - clear directed message
- characteristic of who’s being persuaded - based upon a persons personality factors
10
Q
what is cognitive dissonance
A
all 3 elements of the triadic model must remain constant for an attitude to remain unchanged
- 2+ changed elements can lead to a change in attitude and therefore a change in behaviour
11
Q
define motivation
A
The psychological drive to succeed
12
Q
what is an intrinsic motivating factor
A
motivation from within the athlete - desire to perform well and succeed
- satisfaction
- pride
- enjoyment
13
Q
what is an extrinsic motivating factor
A
come from a source external to athlete - often in the forms of rewards
- trophies
- titles
- pressure from others
14
Q
define arousal
A
A raised level of readiness to perform that an individual experiences when in a stressful situation
15
Q
what are the 3 arousal theories
A
- drive theory
- inverted u theory
- catastrophe theory
16
Q
explain the drive theory
A
as the level of arousal increases so does likelihood of dominant response
17
Q
drive theory application to elite and inexperienced athletes
A
elite athlete - good thing as response will be the correct response so want a high arousal
inexperienced performer - bad thing as response is likely to be the incorrect response so we want low arousal
18
Q
explain the inverted u theory
A
arousal increases, so does performance but only up to a certain point
Optimal level of arousal leads to highest level of performance - zone of optimal function
19
Q
inverted u theory application to elite and inexperienced athletes
A
elite athletes - want high arousal levels
inexperienced - athletes want low levels of arousal
20
Q
skill application to inverted u theory
A
gross skill - high levels of arousal
complex skill - low levels of arousal
21
Q
personality application to inverted u theory
A
extroverts - want high level of arousal
introverts - want low levels of arousal
22
Q
explain the catastrophe theory
A
optimal arousal is needed for best possible performance, over arousal can lead to a rapid drop in performance
- athlete chokes and falls to pieces mid performance
23
what is peak flow experience
a phrase used by athletes who achieve optimal performance levels and associate this with an emotional response
24
reticular activating system
located in the central core of brainstem and maintains our levels of arousal
Enhances or inhibits incoming sensory stimuli
introverts - RAS already stimulated - no need to increase arousal further
extroverts - RSA lacks stimulus so seek high arousal
25
define anxiety
a negative aspect of experiencing stress and can be caused in sport by worry or apprehension
26
define competitive anxiety
the worry experienced during competitive experiences
27
what are the 4 main factors of competitive anxiety
- individual differences - difference in the way certain people react in a situation
- different types of anxiety - state / trait
- general or specific anxiety - anxious in general or anxious in specific situations
- the competition process - interaction between personality factors, competitive trait anxiety and the situation
28
what is somatic anxiety
anxiety experienced physiologically
- sweating
- increase in body temperature
29
what is cognitive anxiety
anxiety experienced in the mind / mentally
- nerves
- worrying
30
what is trait anxiety
proposes that being anxious is stable and enduring, innate predisposition to be anxious in most situations
31
what is state anxiety
situation specific anxiety often due to fear of failure
32
define and explain zone of optimal function
level of anxiety at which an individual performs best at
- extroverts need higher levels of anxiety
- introverts need lower levels of anxiety
33
what happens when an athlete finds their zone of optimal function
athlete will perform at peak flow
34
cognitive anxiety and stress control techniques
- mental rehearsal
- imagery
- positive self talk
- stopping negative thoughts
- goal setting
35
somatic anxiety and stress control techniques
- progressive muscle relaxation
- relaxation techniques
- massages
- breathing techniques
- biofeedback
36
define aggression
intent to cause harm or injure another player outside the rules of the game
37
what are the 3 types of aggression
1. hostile
2. instrumental
3. assertion
38
what is hostile aggression
- actions are outside of laws of the game
- needs to be eliminated from sport
- prime motive to cause harm
39
what is instrumental aggression
- actions within the rules
- prime motive is successful execution of the skill
- still intention to cause harm
40
what is assertion
- forceful behaviour within the laws of an event
- fair but hard
41
what are the 4 theories of aggression
1. instinct theory
2. Frustration–aggression hypothesis
3. Aggression cue hypothesis
4. Social learning theory
42
explain instinct theory of aggression
views aggression as a natural response, innate and instinctive.
humans developed aggression as a survival instinct.
43
explain Frustration–aggression hypothesis
of aggression
Frustration will always lead to aggression.
Any blocking of goals that an individual is trying to reach increases an individual’s drive - this increases aggression.
If success follows then aggression reduces frustration, which leads to catharsis.
However, the problem with theory is frustration does not always lead to aggression or occurs with no evidence of frustration.
44
explain the aggression cue hypothesis
for aggression to occur, certain stimuli - cues - must be present.
these stimuli are cues that the athlete subconsciously links to aggression (e.g. baseball bats, ice hockey sticks, etc.).
frustration causes an increase in arousal, and this creates a readiness for aggression.
45
explain the social learning theory explanation of aggression
aggression is learned by observation of others’ behaviour.
It is not instinctive.
Imitation of this aggressive behaviour is then reinforced by social acceptance.
46
define social facilitation
the effect of having an audience / others present during a performance can be positive or negative
positive - social facilitation
negative - social inhibition
47
who identified factors that affect performance
Zajonc
48
what are the factors identified by zajonc
- presence of an audience or co-acters increase arousal
- increase in arousal is likely to trigger dominant response
- if a skill is well learnt or simple then response is lily to be correct and performance will be improved
- if new skill is poorly learnt or is a complex skill then response will likely be incorrect and performance will decline
49
how may the presence of an audience affect athletes performance - personality factors
type A - high anxiety performers will perform worse in front of an audience
type B - low anxiety performers will perform better in front of an audience
introverts - perform poorly in front of a crowd
extrovert - perform well inform of a crown - seek situations with
50
how may the presence of an audience affect athletes performance - experience level
elite performers will perform better than a novice as dominant response is more likely to be correct
- distractions less likely to affect response
51
how may the presence of an audience affect athletes performance - skilly type
gross and simple skills are helped by high arousal so an audience can facilitate performance
fine and complex skills are helped by low arousal so an audience could inhibit performance
52
define evaluation apprehension
Evaluation apprehension - when a performer experiences feelings of anxiety stimulated by arousal
Anxiety created around performer perceiving audience is evaluating or judging individual
53
how to minimise evaluation apprehension
- imagery techniques
- training with audience
- relaxation techniques
- decreasing importance of event
- remaining calm and focused
- overlearning skill
54
define group
a collection of people who both share similar goals and interact with one another
55
what did the Tuckman model consist of
1. forming
2. storming
3. norming
4. performing
56
define team cohesion
the total field of force that acts on members to remain in a group
57
what is group integration
how people feel about the group
58
what is individual attraction
how attractive individuals are to the group
59
what is the ringleman effect
occurs when individual performance decreases as the group size increases
60
define social loafing
occurs when individual performance decreases as the group size increases
61
how can social loafing be eliminated
- high individual performance
- support from team
- individual feedback
- peer pressure will reinforce individual effort
62
define goal setting
used to develop positive self perception, control arousal and reduce anxiety
- SMART Targets
63
define attribution
the perceived cause for a particular outcome - excuses / justification for winning / losing / drawing
- linked to motivation
64
what are the components of the attribution model
- outcome of events
- available information
- casual attributions
- expectancy of future events
- effective response
- decision of subsequent attributions
65
weiner's model
ability - internal / stable
task difficulty - external / stable
effort - internal / unstable
luck - external / unstable
66
what did weiner add to his model
3rd dimension
- Dimension of controllability
67
define self efficacy
the confidence we have in specific situations
68
define sports confidence
the belief or degree of certainty individuals process about their ability to be successful in sport
69
define self esteem
feeling of self worth that determines how vulnerable and contempt we feel
70
effect of confidence on sports performer
with high levels of sports confidence, performer may be more motivated to achieve or take firm decisions which are more likely to be correct
71
effect of confidence on participation in sports
low levels of sports confidence may mean people shy away from activities or competition
high levels enable people to participate and not feel inhibited
72
effect of confidence on self esteem
high level of sports confidence often means high self-esteem those with low levels may experience low self-esteem and feel they are not good enough
73
Vealey’s sport confidence model
SC trait is the existing level of sports confidence
SC state is the confidence a person is able to feel in a specific sporting situation
74
banduras self efficacy theory
Self confidence is often specific to a particular situation
Can affect performance if an individual is skillful
Our expectations of self-efficacy depend on four
types of information within the model.
75
components of banduras self efficacy theory
performance accomplish - previous successes in the skill will lead to high self confidence levels
vicarious experiences - what we have observed of the skill before
social persuasion - convincing the athlete of their ability to perform the skill
emotional arousal - Performer’s perception and control of their physiological and psychological arousal levels.
76
define an emergent leader
is a leader selected from within the squad
77
benefits of using an emergent leader
- more likely to be accepted by the group
- already has a strong relationship with athletes who make up the team and knows the different personality types within the team
- already earned respect from team players
78
define a prescribed leader
a leader brought in externally
79
benefits of using a prescribed leader
- more experienced
- brings in new ideas to help team improve
80
weaknesses of using a prescribed leader
- not a relationship yet between players and leader so little respect
- is unaware of personalities on the team
81
what are the 3 types of leadership
1. autocratic
2. democratic
3. laissez faire
82
explain autocratic leadership
team has no say in decision process
- used for beginners
- used when little time available
- used in dangerous games
- mostly used for men
83
explain democratic leadership
team has an input in decision and ideas are bounced around
- helps athlete to become more experienced
- player input
- used mostly for women
- team meeting
84
explain laissez faire leadership
team runs itself and coaches are forced to take a step back
- used when team has lots of experience
- used to build trust
- helps players become more create
85
what are the 3 theories of leadership
1. trait
2. social learning
3. interactionist theory
86
explain trait theory of leadership
leaders have innate ability / genetic ability to be a leader
87
explain social learning theory of leadership
leadership qualities are learnt from observing others
88
explain interactionist theory of leadership
takes into account learnt through both observing and genetic factors
89
explain Chelladurai’s multi-dimensional model of sports leadership
the more elements of this model that match one another, the more effectively the leadership is likely to be
- reflects most popular leadership - people learn to be a leader through social learning and interactionist with environment if actual behaviour is match with required leadership
90
define stress
negative feelings and can be seen as a psychological state produced and perceived by physiological and psychological forces acting on our sense of well-being
91
what is the physical response to stress
- can cause a hormone to be released in the body
- in the short term adrenaline is released which increases the heart rate, raises blood pressure and provides extra energy beneficial to a sports performance
- In the long term, or stress that's too intense can increase the risk of health issues and have a negative effect on performers readiness to perform
92
define stressor
the environmental changes that can include a stress response
93
define stress response
the physiological changes that occur as a result of stress
94
stress experience
the way we perceive the situation
95
define cognitive stress management
stress response of the mind
96
define somatic stress management
stress response of the body
97
cognitive stress management examples
- mental rehearsal
- imagery
- positive self talk
- goal setting
- negative thought stopping
- Rational thinking and mindfulness
98
somatic stress management examples
- biofeedback
- relaxation
- progressive muscle relaxation
- breathing control
