Sports psychology Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is the environmental influence continuum
Closed <——> Open
The environmental influence continuum considers the factors that surround the performer as they execute a skill.
- Closed skills= Not affected by environment as they are predictable.
- Open skills= Heavily affected by an unpredictable and changing environment
Examples: Open= Lay up, football tackle Closed= tennis serve, free throw
What is the difficulty continuum?
Basic skill <——> Complex skill
The difficulty continuum considers how complicated skills are, and how much attention and concentration is required to complete them
- Basic skills= requires little concentration to execute, does not include complicated movements
- Complex skills= Requires a lot of attention and concentration, includes complicated movements
Examples: Basic= catching,running Complex= high jump
What is the organisational continuum?
Low organisational <——> High organisational
The organisational continuum considers how tightly knitted together the subroutines are
- Low organisational skills= can be broken down into multiple subroutines that can be practiced separately
- High organisational skills= cannot be broken down easily as seen as whole actions, must be practiced in their entirety.
Examples: Low= long jump, cartwheel High= golf swing
What are the 4 types of guidance
- Visual
- Manual
- Verbal
- Mechanical
What is guidance
Guidance is the information given to someone to help them develop a skill, to improve and optimise their performance
What is visual guidance?
Visual guidance is presented in a form that the performer can look at. It can include anything from the live demonstration to video, film, or poster.
Advantages and disadvantages of visual guidance
Advs:
- Can copy the movement
- Can be done with large groups
- It is good for beginners so they can see what the skill looks like and create a mental image
- It is also good when it is not possible to hear verbal guidance
Disadvs:
- If demonstration is poor incorrect movement learnt
- Time consuming
- Videos are expensive
- Complex movements are difficult to recognise
- If video used unable to ask questions
What is verbal guidance?
Verbal guidance is when a coach describes how to perform a skill or tells a performer something
advantages and disadvantages of verbal guidance?
Advs:
- Instructions can be given quickly
- Can be used during a performance
- No equipment is required
- Good for more experienced performers who know what a movement looks like
Disadvs:
- Some movements are difficult to explain
- Relies on the coach’s communication skills being good enough for the performer to understand
- Can be overwhelming if too much information given
What is manual guidance?
Manual guidance involves a coach physically, moving a performer into the correct position or supporting them as they perform a skill
Advantages and disadvantages of manual guidance
Advs:
- Can get a feel for the movement
- Build’s confidence
- Can help break down the movement into phases
Disadvs:
-The feeling is not actually the same as doing the skill unaided
- Performer can become dependent on the support
- Incorrect feel can lead to incorrect movement being learned
- Can only be used 1 on 1
What is mechanical guidance?
The mechanical guidance takes place when equipment is used to assist in the coaching process.
Advantages and disadvantages of mechanical guidance
Advs:
- Can get a feel for the movement
- Builds confidence
- Reduces danger
Disadvs:
- The feeling is not actually the same as actually doing the skill unaided
- Performer can become dependent on the support
- Incorrect feel can lead to incorrect movement being learned
- Cannot be used in large groups
Intrinsic feedback
Comes from within, it relates to how a movement feels.
- more experienced are more capable of self-assessing and correcting the movement if they know it feels wrong
Extrinsic feedback
Information a performer receives about the performance from a coach
Concurrent feedback
Information performer receives about their performance during the activity.
+ Gives them time to make adjustments to their performance
- cant be used for short events
- cant be used for complex skills
Terminal feedback
Information performer receives about their performance after the activity has been completed.
- Cant rectify anything during the event
- coach could talk player through what they saw
What is fixed practice?
Training focuses on practising one closed skill repeatedly
E.g. Tennis serve, free throw, penalty kick
What is variable practice?
Training focuses on practising an open skill in different situations
E.g. Goalkeeper training
What is massed practice?
Training involves long practice periods without rests, where a skill is repeated continuously, low organisational and basic skills
E.g. darts player
What is distributed practice?
Training has breaks for rest, feedback and mental rehearsal, complex skill
E.g. 5 rugby tackles followed by feedback and rest.
Advs and disadvs of fixed practice
+ Specific errors/weaknesses can be eradicated from the technique
- It requires a lot of motivation to maintain focus and concentration
Advs and disadvs of variable practice
+ The skill can be adapted and altered depending on the situation
- Sessions need to replicate a game situation as close as possible
Advs and disadvs of variable practice
+ The skill can be adapted and altered depending on the situation
- Sessions need to replicate a game situation as close as possible
