Sports Psychology Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 theories of personality?
A
1) Trait Theory
2) SLT
3) Interactionist Theory
2
Q
Who came up with the trait theory?
A
Eysenck
3
Q
Who came up with the SLT theory?
A
Bandura
4
Q
Who came up with the interactionist theory?
A
Lewin and Hollander
5
Q
What happens within the trait theory?
A
- Personalitu is innate and consistent in all situations
- Attempts to ‘profile’ the individual
- But, the behaviour can’t necessarily be predicted
6
Q
What happens within the SLT theory?
A
- Personality is learned from significant others
- Behaviour is copied when reinforced
- Observe -> Identify -> Reinforce -> Copy
7
Q
What happens within the interactionist theory?
A
- Combines both the Trait Theory and SLT
- Behaviour is adapted to the situation and accounts for behaviour change
8
Q
What is the summarised formula for the interactionist theory?
A
Behaviour = The Function (Personality x Environment)
9
Q
What are the three parts of the Hollander Model?
A
1) The core
2) Typical responses
3) Role-related behaviour
10
Q
What is the core?
A
- Stable and solid
- Consists of beliefs and values
11
Q
What is an example of the core?
A
Core values of a strong work ethic - prepared to work hard for the team
12
Q
What are typical responses?
A
- Usual responses player would make in a given situation
13
Q
What is an example of a typical response?
A
Attacking player makes various efforts to run and find space to receive the ball from midfield players
14
Q
What is role-related behaviour?
A
- Further changes to behaviour may be needed as situation demands
15
Q
What is an example of role-related behaviour?
A
Attacking player tracks back, employing the role of a defender to protect the lead
16
Q
What is the definition of personality?
A
Your unique individual makeup
17
Q
What does credulous mean?
A
Supports theory that personality can predict behaviour
18
Q
What does sceptical mean?
A
Thinks personality doesn’t accurately predict behaviour
19
Q
What are the advantages of measuring personality with a questionnaire?
A
- Easier
- Quicker
- Large sample
20
Q
What are the disadvantages of measuring personality with a questionnaire?
A
- Biased answers
- Misunderstood questions
21
Q
What are the advantages of measuring personality with an observation?
A
- True to life
- During real life
22
Q
What are the disadvantages of measuring personality with an observation?
A
- Subjective
- Behaviour can change when watched
23
Q
What are the advantages of measuring personality with an interview?
A
- Open to conversation
- Specific
- More depth
24
Q
What are the disadvantages of measuring personality with an interview?
A
- Time consuming
- Similar to questionnaire
25
What is the definition of an attitude?
Values aimed at attitude objects
26
What are the three parts of the triadic model within attitude?
- Cognitive
- Affective
- Behavioural
27
What is an example of a cognitive attitude within the triadic model?
Belief in ability to win a game
28
What is an example of an affective attitude within the triadic model?
Enjoys training
29
What is an example of a behavioural attitude within the triadic model?
Fixtures displaying a good attitude
30
What are features of positive attitudes?
- Learned from influence of SO
- Learned from role-models
- Socialisation
- Learned from enjoyable experiences
- Learned from beliefs
- Learned by conditioned behaviour
- Familiarisation
31
How can negative attitudes be changed into positive attitudes?
- Persuation (quality, time and status)
- Making training fun
- Allowing early success
- Use positive reinforcement and rewards
- Point out benefits of exercise
- Use rolemodels
- Cognitive dissonance
32
What is cognitive dissonance?
Challenging existing beliefs causing “disharmony” in an individual and a motivation to change attitudes
33
What is an example of cognitive dissonance?
Rugby player may be reluctant to use dance fit until coach points out dancers are able to hold high intensity performance for a whole hour session when they have to rest after a 40 minute half
34
What methods can a coach use to create positive attitides?
- Challenge beliefs
- Use a new activity
- Point out role models
- Make training fun
- Use reinforcement
- Improve confidence in player ability
35
How is a cognitive attitude formed and changed?
Formed by learning from beliefs and changed by persuasive communication
36
How is an affective attitude formed and changed?
Formed through enjoyable experiences and changed by making it fun
37
How is a behavioural attitude formed and changed?
Formed through conditioned behaviour and changed through reinforcement and rewards
38
What is the definition of motivation?
The drive to succeed
39
What is the definition of intrinsic motivation?
Motivation from within
40
What is the definition of extrinsic motivation?
Motivation from an outside source
41
What is the definition of tangible rewards?
Rewards that can be touched or held
42
What is the definition of intangible rewards?
Non-physical rewards
43
What is an example of intrinsic motivation?
Satisfaction of a good shot in netball
44
What is an example of extrinsic motivation?
Praise from a coach
45
What is an example of tangible rewards?
Trophies
46
What is an example of intangible rewards?
Praise
47
What is motivation essential for?
- The learning of skills
- The development of performance
48
What are the reasons for youth participation?
- Fun
- Friends
- Developing fitness
- Improving skills
- Success
49
What are the reasons for adult participation?
- Health factors
- Weight loss
- Fitness
- Self challenge
- Feeling better
50
What are the reasons for intrinsic motivation being better?
- Intrinsic gives a sense of pride or satisfaction
- Extrinsic can lead to too much pressure
- Extrinsic can lead to cheating
- Motivation can be lost if extrinsic reward not gained
51
Is intrinsic or extrinsic motivation better?
- The use of extrinsic motivation must be monitored carefully or it can have an adverse effect (if overused, intrinsic motivation is undermined and may effect long term participation)
-Extrinsic motives attract to the activity and provide early motivation (if overused, the value of activity can be undermined and players just compete for the reward)
52
What is the definition of aggression?
Intend to harm outside the rules
53
What qualities come under aggression?
- Uncontrolled
- Intend to harm
- Outside rules
- Reactive
54
What is the definition of assertion?
Well motivated behaviour within the rules
55
What qualities comes under assertion?
- Controlled
-No intent to harm
- Within rules
- Motivated
56
What are the 4 theories of aggression?
1) Instinct theory
2) SLT
3) The Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
4) Aggressive-Cue Hypothesis
57
Who came up with the Instinct Theory?
Lorentz
58
What happens within the instinct theory?
- Aggressive response is innate
- Product of evolution
- Players use sport as an outlet for catharsis (built up aggression)
59
What is the evaluation of the Instinct Theory?
- Aggression may not be spontaneous
- Aggression is pre-planned/learned and evolution is not
60
Who came up with the SLT?
Bandura
61
What happens within the SLT?
- Aggression is learned from experience-coaches etc
- Aggressive behaviour copied if it’s reinforced
- Bandura suggested that children will copy the aggressive behaviour of adults, especially in a live situation
- OBSERVE -> IDENTIFY -> REINFORCE -> COPY
62
Who came up with the Aggressive-cue Hypothesis?
Berkowitz
63
What happens within the aggressive-cue hypothesis?
- Aggression only occurs if learned cues are present
- Such pre learned cues are learned from coach or other players - trigger an aggressive response
64
What is an example of the aggressive-cue hypothesis?
Coach may have allowed a football player to elbow the defender as his teams work for positions in the penalty area - taking of corner is the learned cues
65
Who came up with The Frustration Aggression Hypothesis?
Dollard
66
What did The Frustration Aggression Hypothesis state?
- Aggression is inevitable when frustrating circumstances cause our goals to be blocked (a referees decision)
- If aggressive tendency can be released, catharsis may occur - if it can’t be released, even more frustration can occur
67
What is an example of The Frustration Aggression Hypothesis?
A player who has been failed in football can retaliate with a push to a player
68
What strategies does a coach use to prevent aggression?
- Punish players with fines
- Encourage peer group pressure
-Substitute players
- Talk to players to calm them down
-Point out responsibilities of team
-Set non-aggressive goals
69
What strategies does a player use to prevent aggression?
- Walk away
- Channel aggression
- Relaxation techniques
- Apply peer group pressures
- Set non-aggressive goals
70
What strategies does an official use to prevent aggression?
- Punish players by sending them off
-Apply rules consistently
- Talk to players to calm them down
-Give immediate sanctions
71
What is a critisism of the Trait Theory?
Behaviour can’t always be predicted
72
What is a criticism of the SLT?
We are also born with personality traits so we don’t just get them from watching others
73
What are the 3 ways a coach can use IT to improve performance?
1) Coach can predict any unacceptable behaviour and remove the player form the situation by substituting them
2) Coach could identify situations that cause inappropriate actions or a dropping off of performance and create similar situations in training so they learn to cope
3) The coach can use the IT to change players behaviour by encouraging players to adapt to specific circumstances- coach can offer advice and support
74
What is social facilitation?
The effect of others on performance
75
What are the features of social facilitation?
- Inhibiton
- Facilitation
- Evaluation apprehension
- Audience
- Increased arousal
- Dominant response
76
What is facilitation?
Performance is improved
77
What is inhibition?
Performance is made worse
78
What is evaluation apprehension?
Fear of being judged
79
What is dominant response?
Focusing on one or two cues as our ability to take info in reduces
80
What are the components of Zajoncs model?
- Others present
- Passive - Audience and co-actors
- Interactive - Competitive co-actors and social reinforcers
81
What are the competitive co-actors?
In conflict with the performer
82
What are social reinforcers?
Encourage or criticise performance
83
What are co-actors?
Doing the sports alongside you
84
What is the order of social facilitation?
1. Audience
2. Increased arousal
3. Evaluation apprehension
4. Dominant response
85
What happens if social fa
