Spotlight E; Nutrition for Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Infancy Flashcards by Gisel Maravilla Hernandez

delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord by at least [..] minute can provide benefits. the cord not only continues to provide [..] and [..] to the newborn but also increases the baby’s hemoglobin levels at birth and improves stores of iron in the first months of life

1
blood, oxygen

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delaying clamping (of the umbilical cord) (also increases birth [..] (by increasing the newborns blood volume) and halves the risk that babies will be [..] deficient when they are three to six months old . (iron deficiency is a risk factor for future cognitive problems). before, few healthcare providers who delivered babies delayed the clamping of umbilical cords, in part because it took extra time and in part because delaying clamping slightly increases the risk for newborn jaundice, characterized by slight [..] of the skin and whites of the eyes.

weight, iron
yellowing

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jaundice occurs when a product of hemoglobin [..] called bilirubin, accumulates in the blood. its production is a normal occurrence as damaged red blood cells are removed from [..] and [..]. however, when the baby [..] has trouble processing the bilirubin, it cannot be effectively excreted in stool, causing it to accumulate in blood. the condition, however, can usually be treated with ultraviolet therapy and [..] causes complications.

breakdown, circulation, destroyed , liver, rarely

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Mercer’s continued research has shown that benefits of delayed cord clamping by several minutes appears to be especially advantageous for preterm infants (born [..] or more weeks before their due date).

three

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although Mercer’s research emphasizes the importance of umbilical cord after birth, the umbilical cords primary function is to transport [..] and [..] to developing baby during pregnancy, the period from fertilization to birth.

nutrients, oxygen

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pregnancy begins when a woman’s egg is [..] by a sperm, forming a zygote that develops into an embryo and then a fetus. starting about [..] weeks after fertilization, the umbilical cord beings to develop

fertilized , four

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the embryo, and later the fetus, is carried in a fluid filled amniotic (membranous) sac in the muscular organ known as the [..]. the umbilical cord connects the embryo or fetus to the [..], an organ attached to the uterus that supplies [..] and [..] to the developing baby and processes the [..] products for elimination through the mother’s bloodstream. After birth, the umbilical cord is clamped and severed.

uterus, placenta
oxygen, nutrients
waste

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the placenta is an organ that [..] during pregnancy within the [..] of a women. through the umbilical cord, the placenta provides oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood to the developing baby and processes waste products from the developing baby’s [..]

forms, uterus, blood

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between [..] and [..] weeks after fertilization, as the organs and vital systems begin to develop, a developing human is referred to as an embryo. at the [..] week of pregnancy (eight weeks after fertilization), the developing human is called a fetus , and its organs mature as it puts on a significant amounts of weight (from less than one ounce to between about seven and eight pounds at birth)

two, eight
tenth

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the entire period of development from fertilization to birth is called gestation. full term pregnancies last between [..] and [..] weeks and are, on average, about 40 weeks long, calculated from the first day of the woman’s last [..] period.

38, 42
menstrual

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pregnancy is divided into three periods called trimesters: weeks [..]-[..] are considered the first trimester, weeks [..]-[..] compose the second trimester, and weeks [..]-[..] make up the third trimester

1-12
14-27
28-40

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once a women is pregnant , her body makes gradual yet significant changes to support the growth of the fetus, and this shift alters the woman’s nutritional needs. one key change is that the heart works harder and pumps more blood throughout the body - blood volume typically increases by about [..]% - and her breathing rate [..]. in addition, gastrointestinal motility [increases or decreases], [..] the passage of food and potentially causing constipation, a common complaint during pregnancy

50%, increases
decreases, slowing

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a woman’s metabolic rate [increases or decreases] during pregnancy, and subsequent energy demands increase to compensate. between [..]% and [..]% of the increase in energy need is due to the [..] demands of the developing fetus and maternal support tissues

increases
5% and 20%
oxygen

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over the course of the pregnancy, there is a shift in fuel utilization by the mother to meet these increased energy requirements. because the fetus is dependent on glucose as its [..] fuel source, the mother’s body relies more heavily on [..] acids to fuel her own needs. this conserves glucose so that more can be [..] to the fetus to meet its specific fuel requirement and supply its energy needs

primary, fatty
transferred

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women need extra food and nutrients to help their babies grow. however, more than half of all women are overweight (defined as a body mass index, or BMI, over 25) or obese (a BMI over 30) when they become pregnant. still others gain too much weight during pregnancy - both of which can put the mother and baby’s health at risk, according to recent research

yes
so many women are fat (overweight and obese) before getting pregnant which puts the mother and baby at risk

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in 2009, the Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine reexamined the guidelines on weight gain with pregnancy and recommended that, ideally, women not only should gain weight within a certain [..] during pregnancy. the range depends on wether they are underweight, at normal weight, overweight, or obese at the time of conception.

range
e.g. a woman with a BMI in the obese range would be given a recommendation to limit weight gain to between 11 and 20 pounds.

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recent studies have shown that only about one third (32%) of American women gained the [..] amount of weight during pregnancy. approximately half (48%) gained [..] weight than recommended, whereas 21% gained too [..].

recommended, more, little

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excessive weight gain (in pregnancy) is associated with having a baby who is born too [..], which can lead to delivery complications and cesarean delivery, and who is prone to [..] during childhood and throughout life. excessive weight gain also increases the mother’s risk of gestational [..] and pregnancy related hypertension (preeclampsia), complications that will be explored later in this spotlight

large, obesity ,
diabetes, hypertension

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a woman who is underweight at conception and who fails to gain sufficient weight during pregnancy can also compromise the health of her baby by increasing the risk that the baby will be born [..], meaning younger than 37 weeks, or born small for gestational age (SGA). SGA is defined as a birth [..] that is below the tenth percentile of what would be considered normal for gestational age.

preterm, weight

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SGA infants not only are at a higher risk of stillbirth and dying but also have a heightened risk of medical conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, as [..]. with new and advanced medical technologies, babies born prematurely or SGA are more likely to survive - and thrive - than in years past

adults

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because of the risks associated with not gaining enough weight during pregnancy, even overweight or obese pregnant women should not “[..]”. doing so increases the risk of delivering a low birth weight baby who has not received sufficient [..].

diet
nutrition

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factors influencing birth weight ; exercise. unless otherwise advised by a healthcare provider, pregnant women [..] and [..] stay active throughout their pregnancies.

can
should

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the four main factors that influence birth weight are (1) the [..] of pregnancy, (2) the weight status of the mother [..] conception, (3) the amount of weight the mother [..] during pregnancy, and (4) whether the mother [..] during pregnancy

duration, before , gained, smoked

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eating well to sustain the fetus involves establishing a healthy lifestyle far before conception occurs. a woman with a healthy lifestyle, meaning she is physically active, eats well, makes responsible choices by not smoking or using other harmful substances, and gets regular medical care, is much more likely to be fertile, that is, become pregnant and produce offspring, than is a women with an unhealthy lifestyle

basically;
having a active and healthy lifestyle is more likely to make you more fertile (chances of having children)

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typically, a pregnant woman only needs to start consuming more calories after the [..] trimester, because early in pregnancy, the developing fetus is comparatively small in relation the the mother's body mass. in general, in the second and third trimesters, pregnant women need between [..] and [..] total calories a day; the exact number depends on pre pregnancy weight and the mother's activity level.

first 2200 and 2900

pregnant women should increase their caloric intake [..], emphasizing nutrient dense foods. ideally, to meet increased energy demands, they should eat on average an extra [..] calories per day in the second trimester and an extra [..] calories per day in the third trimester. underweight women need even [..] calories, because they must gain weight to meet the energy demands of pregnancy.

gradually , 340, 450, more

overweight women need [..] added calories during their pregnancy. physically active women require [..] calories to offset energy expenditure

fewer, more

One excellent resource for pregnancy meal planning is the Health and Nutrition Information for pregnant and breastfeeding women on the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) ChooseMyPlate.gov website. It provides a [..] daily food plan based on age, height, weight, physical activity level, and stage of pregnancy or breastfeeding status.

personalized

a better way to gauge appropriate food intake is to monitor weight [..] during pregnancy rather than to count daily calories. appropriate weight gain across the course of pregnancy would indicate that energy intake is sufficient to meet the increased [..] demands of pregnancy

gain energy

pregnant women need more calories to support their growing baby, and they need for nutrients for themselves

yes

because all energy and nutrient needs for a baby growth and development come from what the mother eats, a woman who does not consume adequate nutrients during pregnancy - or who consumes excess amounts - can put her baby at risk for birth [..] and other anomalies

defects

the risk of birth defects and the anomalies is particularly high if lack of nourishment occurs during the [..] trimester of pregnancy, wherein there are periods of intense or accelerated embryonic or fetal development known as critical periods. critical periods are windows of time during development when [..] organs and [..] systems are particularly vulnerable because they are forming and developing [..]. if an embryo or a fetus experiences nutritional inadequacies or is exposed to toxins during a critical period, the result disruption of growth and/or development will often cause irreversible [..] to the affected organ or organs

first, organs, vital, rapidly , damage

ultimately, pregnant women need only an average of [..]% more total calories than non-pregnant women but about [..]% more of some nutrients such as protein, folate, zinc, iodine, and iron.

15% 50%

pregnant women can meet most of their nutritional requirements through food; in fact, the only nutrient for which a supplement is universally recommended is [..]. however, prenatal multivitamin/mineral supplements are often recommended for pregnant women who may not consume adequate amounts of vitamins and mineral in their diet or for those who have high risk pregnancies.

iron

pregnant women who are vegans should also take supplemental vitamin D, iron, and vitamin B12 to ensure adequate intake of these nutrients. when choosing supplements, however, pregnant women should careful to follow the advice of their doctor or midwife and not buy products that contain more than the recommended intake of any nutrient, as doing so could cause toxicity

yes

folate (the synthetic form of which is called folic acid), a water soluble [..] vitamin, is one of the key nutrients that mothers to be need before and during pregnancy, as it is crucial for the development of new [..].

B cells

folate deficiency is associated with fetal growth problems, birth defects, schizophrenia, and autism. in addition, women who don't get enough folate during the first [..] weeks of pregnancy are up to 70% more likely to give birth to babies with neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

the US centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) recommends that all women between the ages of [..] and [..] years - even if they are not pregnant - consume a daily dose of [..] micrograms of folic acid in a multivitamin or the equivalent through folate rich foods. this recommendation applies to all women of child bearing age because half of US pregnancies are unplanned, and births defects from folate deficiency develop as early as three to four weeks into pregnancy, before most women even know they are pregnant

15 , 45 400

During pregnancy, women should consume the equivalent of [..] micrograms of folate daily from foods or supplements. To help women meet these requirements, in 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration began requiring food manufacturers to add folic acid to common grain products such as breads, cereals, flours, and pastas.

600

another nutrient of particular concern during pregnancy is vitamin A ,but expectant women need to be careful about how much of it they consume, because although too little vitamin A can cause developmental problems, too much can also cause birth defects such as facial and heart deformities. women can thus keep the risk of vitamin A toxicity low by avoiding [..] vitamin A and consuming a varied diet that includes bright orange, deep yellow, and light red vegetables and fruits that are rich in the vitamin A precursor beta carotene. Beta carotene does not have the same potential adverse effects as supplemental vitamin A

supplemental

The Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommends that pregnant women between the ages of [..] and [..] years consume [..] micrograms of vitamin A per day, not exceed the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of [..] micrograms per day, and stop taking medications that contain retinoid compounds. Even retinoid products that are prescribed to treat acne should be discontinued as they are known teratogens, substances that can cause abnormal embryonic development.

19 and 50 770, 3000

Iron deficiency is the most common deficiency in pregnant women. Iron is used to make hemoglobin, the molecule that transports [..] through blood, and a pregnant woman must dramatically [increase or decrease] production of hemoglobin. As her blood volume steadily increases, she needs more iron to produce this hemoglobin to supply oxygen to the fetus and to help build a fetal [..] supply.

oxygen , increase blood

The daily recommended intake of iron for pregnant women is [..] mg per day, compared with only 15–18 mg for nonpregnant women, yet national surveys have reported that pregnant women generally consume only 15 mg per day—just over half of the recommended amount. To ensure adequate iron intake, women should consume fortified cereals and green leafy vegetables, both good sources of nonheme iron, particularly if consumed with vitamin C-rich foods such as citrus fruits. Red meats are a good source of readily absorbable heme iron.

It is difficult for women to meet their increased iron needs from food sources alone, so dietary supplements that provide [..] mg or more of iron are typically recommended during pregnancy, especially during the [..] and [..] trimesters. Pregnant women who don’t take an iron supplement are at an increased risk of suffering from iron-deficiency anemia and are also at risk for giving birth to [..]-birth-weight babies who become iron-deficient in their first year of life.

30 second, third low

Many other nutrients are important for a healthy pregnancy. There’s calcium, which is crucial for the formation of healthy bones, and although calcium absorption is [..] during pregnancy, the calcium recommendation for pregnant women is still [..] mg daily.

enhanced (increase) 1000

nutrient importance in pregnant women; Vitamin D helps to incorporate calcium into [..] and appears to play a role in programming [..] in ways that could reduce the risk of chronic diseases; therefore, pregnant women should consume 600 IUs (15 micrograms) of vitamin D daily.

bones, genes

nutrient importance in pregnant women; Iodine is required for normal [..] development and growth, and recent studies indicate that just over 50% of pregnant women in the United States are mildly deficient in iodine. Low intake of iodine is a major problem considering that iodine deficiency during pregnancy can impact fetal brain development and result in [greater or lower] IQs and intellectual disabilities. The Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommends 220 micrograms of iodine per [..] for pregnant women, which can be achieved through an adequate, varied diet that incorporates moderate use of iodized salt. For areas in the world where people do not have access to iodized salt, the World Health Organization advises iodine [..] to ensure that pregnant women are receiving adequate intake.

brain, lower day supplementation

The omega-3 fatty acids, such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), are critical for the development of the fetal [..].

brain

During pregnancy, the [..] transfers nutrients from the mother to the fetus. The amount of omega-3 fatty acids in the fetus is correlated with the amount consumed by the mother, underscoring the importance of adequate nutrition.

placenta Women who consume too much mercury during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to babies with central nervous system defects and slow cognitive development. However, pregnant women may safely enjoy salmon, cod, shrimp, sardines, anchovies, and trout and are advised to limit albacore tuna and tuna steak to six ounces a week.

Although the Dietary References Intakes of the Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine do not make official recommendations about the amount of omega-3 needed during pregnancy, several organizations recommend that pregnant women consume [..] mg of DHA daily—yet most women do not meet this recommendation. Cold-water fish are a great source of these omega-3 fatty acids; thus, recent recommendations encourage pregnant women to consume 8–12 [..] of fish each week. But because of concerns about mercury contamination in some types of fish, pregnant women are told to choose low-mercury fish and avoid fish that have potentially high levels of mercury, such as shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish.

300 ounces

some women have trouble getting the nutrients they need because they suffer from morning sickness, triggered by [..] changes that can cause nausea and vomiting in the first trimester and may sometimes cause unique food aversions. they are also at a heightened risk for pica, an eating disorder that causes individuals to want to ingest [..] food substances such as clay, paint chips, paste, plaster, dirt, or hair. Pica may be a sign of anemia.

hormonal non

with new diagnostic criteria and increasing rates of obesity, it is estimated that as many as 22% of pregnant women in the United States may develop gestational diabetes, which is characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose that pass to the [..], causing it to be [..] for gestational age and thereby increasing the risks of complications to both mother and newborn. although gestational diabetes generally resolves [..] pregnancy, it [increases or decreases] the risk that the mother will develop type 2 diabetes later in life

fetus , large after, increases

preeclampsia is another condition that may affect as many as 1 in 20 women during the latter part of their pregnancies. characterized by a sudden increase in blood pressure (hypertension) as well as [..] in the urine, preeclampsia may initially result in fluid [..] and [..] in the feet, ankles, hands, and face.

protein, retention, swelling

preeclampsia; although the exact cause is [..], women who gain [..] body weight during pregnancy or those with existing hypertension, diabetes, or obesity prior to pregnancy are at [higher or lower] risk for developing preeclampsia.

unknown, excessive higher

as with gestational diabetes, preeclampsia does not resolve until [..]. with diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment, the risk of complications and consequences for both the mother and developing baby can be [increased or reduced]. adequate hydration, a healthy diet, and regular exercise may help reduce risk of developing preeclampsia

delivery, reduced

pregnant women should also avoid alcohol. fetal alcohol syndrome is a group of conditions causing physical, behavioral, and learning problems in children whose mothers drank heavily during pregnancy. alcohol consumed by a woman during pregnancy travels through her blood and into the baby's blood, tissues and organs, where it breaks down [..], exposing the fetus to the alcohol for long periods. the CDC says that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

slowly

although caffeine is not nearly as dangerous as alcohol, a healthcare provider might recommend [..] the amount of caffeine consumed during pregnancy because it crosses the [..] into the blood stream of a developing baby. although most studies report no adverse effects of maternal caffeine consumption on the infant, there is some evidence that high intakes of caffeine are associated with an increased likelihood of SGA births, miscarriage, and childhood acute leukemia

limiting placenta

the World Health Organization recommends a maternal caffeine intake of [..] 300 mg per day, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends [..] than 200 mg per day.

below less

brewed coffee contains about 135 mg per 8 ounce cup and caffeine containing soft drinks generally contain between 40-50mg per 12 ounce can.

yes

smoking - although not a nutritional issue per se - should be discontinued during pregnancy because it increases the risk of [..], puts the baby at risk of [..] and [..] birth, and increases the chance of infant [..].

miscarriage, premature and SGA , mortality

pregnant women need to be careful to avoid microbial-contaminated foods. hormonal changes during pregnancy suppress the immune system of the mother. although such changes are necessary for the survival of the fetus, they increase the chance of food borne infections.

pregnant women are about 20 times more likely to develop listeriosis than a non pregnant individual. listeriosis is a serious [..] caused by eating food tainted with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause premature birth, miscarriage, fetal death, and newborn illness because the bacteria can cross the placenta

infection , placenta

to minimize their risk of listeriosis, expecting women should not eat hot [..] or other luncheon [..] unless they have been heated to steaming hot. they should also avoid unpasteurized [..] such as brie, blue cheeses, camembert, and some fetas; uncooked refrigerated smoked seafood; refrigerated meat spreads and pates; and unpasteurized milks and juices. campylobacter jejune is another bacterium that can cross the placenta and cause early [..] of pregnancy by the body (spontaneous abortion) and stillbirth. raw poultry is nearly always contaminated with it, so it is important to adequately cook poultry and avoid cross contaminating foods that will be eaten raw with drippings with uncooked poultry

hot dogs, meats cheeses, termination

pregnant women and nursing mothers should also be careful to consuming mercury as it can severely impair [..] development of the fetus and of children. because [..] is the primary source of mercury in the diet, pregnant and nursing women are advised to select fish that have low levels of mercury contamination

brain seafood

once babies are born, of course, they still need adequate energy and nutrients. the best way to provide this essential nutrition is through [..] (breastfeeding). currently about 84% of US newborns are initially breastfed by their mothers, up from about 70% in 2000. However, only 25% are exclusively breastfed through age six months. the 2020 dietary guidelines and the American academy of pediatrics recommend that women [..] breastfeed their babies through the age of six months. after six months they should continue breastfeeding - ideally to the one year mark or beyond - while also introducing complementary solid foods.

lactation exclusively

the human breast is a gland made up of connective and fatty tissues that support and [..] the milk producing areas of the breast and give it shape. shortly after brith, milk is produced in clusters of small spaces called alveoli. the alveoli group together and form lobules. milk produced in the lobules travels through [..], which eventually exit the skin in the nipple. the dark area of skin surrounding the nipple is called areola.

protect ducts

the human breast does not store a [..] amount of milk. in fact, most milk is produced during nursing based on need. in other words, the volume of milk produced varies with [..] - the volume can go down if the mother does not nurse or use a pump to release breast milk, and the volume may increase if the baby feeds a great deal.

large , demand

when the infant sucks on the nipple, the [..] prolactin and oxytocin are released. prolactin stimulates milk [..], whereas oxytocin stimulates [..] (or the "let down reflex"), which shortens and widens the milk ducts ejecting milk throughout the duct system and out of the nipples

hormones production, contraction

the composition of breast milk varies depending on the stage of lactation, milk volume, feeding frequency, and differences among women. the first form of milk that is produced is called colostrum, which is produced for about [..] days after birth. it is [..] and [..] and contains [higher or lower] amounts of protein and critical antibodies than mature milk does. once lactation is established, the primary components of mature breast milk are water (87%), carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

five thick, yellowish higher

At the beginning of the feeding, the milk, called foremilk, contains mostly lactose and proteins and only a [..] fat. The end of the feeding produces hindmilk. The hindmilk contains [..] fat, the [..] source of energy for the infant. Both foremilk and hindmilk are nutritious, but hindmilk has more calories. Despite the differences in breast milk composition, babies will be more satiated if they get both foremilk and hindmilk during feedings.

little, more , main

Breast milk is the ideal infant food. It provides babies with many crucial nutrients as well as antibodies that enhance their ability to [..] infections and strengthen their immune systems. Breast milk is rich in vitamins, is full of essential fatty acids for [..] development, contains the appropriate balance of proteins and minerals to enhance [..], and promotes infant [..] motor development. In addition, breastfeeding also [..] the risk of diarrhea and vomiting in infants and mitigates their risk of becoming obese later in life. There is also limited evidence that it may reduce the risk for chronic diseases later in life, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

fight, brain, digestion, oral , reduces

There are also documented benefits to breastfeeding, including reductions in incidence of upper [..] infections during the first two years of life, in childhood leukemia, in sudden infant death syndrome, and in orthodontic problems. Evidence also exists to support [..] IQ scores among children who were breastfed for at least six months. Also, breastfeeding is convenient and less expensive than formula feeding and it plays an essential role in promoting mother–infant bonding.

respiratory, higher

There are added benefits for mothers who nurse that include a [..] risk of ovarian and breast cancer, [..] risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and possibly a [..] return to pre-pregnancy body weight.

reduced less faster

women who are breastfeeding need to replenish their nutrient stores and remain healthy to produce enough nutrient rich [..]. although lactation increases [..] use by about 600 kcal a day during the first six months of breastfeeding, it is recommended that energy intake be increased by only 330 kcal a day, as the remaining energy needs will come from [..] stored during pregnancy. during the second six months of lactation, a woman's body weight is generally [..] and the recommended increase in energy intake is equal to the energy present in the milk produced each day (400 kcal). as with pregnancy, energy needs should be met by consuming nutrient dense foods.

milk energy, fat stable

a few physical conditions preclude new mothers from breastfeeding their babies. these conditions include HIV/AIDS, herpes simplex or chicken pox lesions on one or both [..], alcohol or drug addiction, nipples that have been removed and replaced, or cancer treated with cytotoxic drugs. otherwise, most chronic conditions can be managed with [..] that are safe to take while breastfeeding. despite the encouraging news that more women are breastfeeding, there are challenges that make breastfeeding difficult for some

nipples drugs

potential barriers to breastfeeding; *uncertainty*, discomfort, attitudes, embarrassment, work issues

uncertainty - lack of knowledge about how to breastfeed - holding and positioning a baby at the breast, achieving an effective latch and using other breastfeeding techniques. (confusing and contradictory advice received from friends and family + concern about insufficient milk supply)

potential barriers to breastfeeding; uncertainty, *discomfort*, embarrassment, work issues, attitudes

discomfort - frequently cited problems with breastfeeding include sore nipples, engorged breasts, leaking milk, pain, and failure to latch on by the infant

potential barriers to breastfeeding; uncertainty, discomfort, *embarrassment*, work issues, attitudes

embarrassment - embarrassment remains a barrier to breastfeeding and is related to disapproval when breastfeeding in public. women may find themselves excluded from social interactions when they are breastfeeding because others are reluctant to be in the same room while they are breastfeed.

potential barriers to breastfeeding; uncertainty, discomfort, embarrassment, *work issues*, attitudes

work issues - returning to work can be significant barrier to breastfeeding. women often face inflexibility in their work hours and locations, a lack of privacy for breastfeeding or expressing milk, and milk storage problems

potential barriers to breastfeeding; uncertainty, discomfort, embarrassment, work issues, *attitudes*

negative attitudes of family and friends can pose a barrier to breastfeeding. fathers may oppose breastfeeding because of concerns about their ability to bond with an infant they are unable to feed and the mothers ability to accomplish household responsibilities if she breastfeeds.

Bottle feeding commercially prepared infant formulas can be a nutritious adjunct to, or replacement for, breast milk. Manufactured under sterile conditions, commercial formulas are designed to duplicate breast milk using sophisticated combination of proteins, sugars, fats, and vitamins.

yes

Although formula provides the basic nutrients an infant needs, it lacks the [..] and many of the other components that only breast milk contains.

antibodies

Babies don’t get all of their nutrients through breast milk alone. Parents are advised to supplement their breastfed babies with 400 IU of vitamin [..] each day, starting from the first few days of life. Breastfed babies of vegan or vitamin B[..]-deficient mothers may also require vitamin B[..] supplements.

D B x2

All newborns are also typically given an injection of vitamin K in the hospital after birth. Babies have very little vitamin K, an important blood-[..] vitamin, in their bodies because it crosses the [..] poorly to the developing baby. In addition, although it has recently been recognized that the unborn infant’s gut may contain low levels of certain [..] that synthesize vitamin K, very little of the vitamin is absorbed from the colon where these bacteria reside.

clotting placenta bacteria

Infants vary considerably in terms of their growth, development, nutritional needs, and feeding patterns. During the first [..] to [..] weeks of their lives, they primarily feed, sleep, and grow. By late infancy, newborn [..] have gone away and a baby has mastered certain physical tasks that allow him or her to progress from a diet of exclusive breast milk or formula to foods with an increasingly wide variety of flavors and textures.

two, six reflexes

The ways parents feed their babies not only nourish them but also help to promote [..] development and establish key feeding skills, healthy habits, and strong family relationships.

motor

Babies grow at different rates because of differing [..] factors and [..] history, but growth is also an important indicator of adequate [..]. Inadequate intake of calories or essential nutrients can significantly affect [..] and [..] development, particularly during the critical periods from birth to one year.

genetics , prenatal nutrition mental, physical

Infants should [..] their birth weight by four to six months and typically [..] it by their first birthday. They also grow in length by approximately 50% in their first year.

double , triple

Babies who are fed on demand typically consume enough and grow appropriately, and they can eat quite a lot—about [..] times more in relation to their body weight than adults eat.

five

growing infant; newborn immediately after brith, an infant normally loses about [..]-[..]% of his or her birth weight. However, by about two weeks of age, and infant begins to [..] weight and grow steadily

5-10 gain

growing infant; 0-6 months from birth to six months of age, a baby may grow 1/2 to 1 inch a month. a healthy baby will double his or her birth weight between four and six months

growing infant; 6-12 months from birth to 6-12 months of age, growth slows somewhat. the baby will grow about 3/8 inch a month and triple birth weight by about 12 months.

the growing infant; 1-2 years between one to two years of age, a toddler will gain only about five pounds

Solid foods—which the American Academy of Pediatrics and the 2020 Dietary Guidelines advise should be introduced around the age of [..] months—are intended to complement, but not replace, breast milk or formula.

six

Because children in this age group (six when introduced to solids) eat such [..] amounts of food, the Dietary Guidelines emphasize that it is important to “make every bite count” and [..] introducing foods or beverages with added sugars. The guidelines also indicate that for breastfed infants it is particularly important to include complementary foods rich in zinc and iron.

small avoid

Infants who are exclusively breastfed for around six months have consistently been shown to have a [increased or reduced] risk of gastrointestinal tract infections and grow and develop as well as infants who have solid foods introduced [after or before] six months. However, there is evidence that the introduction of solid foods, including potentially allergenic foods, between four and six months of age may reduce the risk of food [..].

reduced before , allergies

In developed countries where the risk of severe gastrointestinal illness in infants is lower than in developing countries, the introduction of solid foods between [..] and [..] months may be appropriate.

four six

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, a baby may be ready to eat solid foods when she is able to hold up her head and sit in a high chair or feeding seat with good head control. The tongue thrusting reflex that allows a baby to suck efficiently should be diminished enough so that the infant can move food from the spoon to the back of his mouth for swallowing

Typically, infants double their birth weight at around four months and weigh 13 pounds or more and may, at that point, be big enough to try solid foods.

Finally, babies may indicate a readiness for solid foods when they show an interest in what the family is eating and can signify when they are satiated, for instance, by turning their head when they are full or by refusing to open their mouth.

Babies who are fed solid foods before they are ready may be at risk for becoming overweight, developing food allergies, and suffering upset stomachs.

toddlers should not consume

- whole grapes - hard candies - dried fruits - large chunks of meat or cheese

avoid these choking hazards when introducing solid foods;

- nuts and seeds - raw carrots and celery - raw peeled apple and pear slices - unpeeled fruits and vegetables, - popcorn

Following a healthy pregnancy, most—but not all—infants have iron stores to help meet their needs until around [..] months of age, after which the risk for iron deficiency increases. Iron is necessary for the formation of [..] cells, so iron deficiency can hinder psychomotor development.

four brain

Research suggests that treating young children once they have iron deficiencies is not enough—it does not prevent cognitive problems—so it may be more important to prevent iron deficiency from developing in the first place. Babies at the highest risk for iron deficiency are those who were born [..], who are fed formula that is not fortified with [..], and who are exclusively breastfed [..] iron supplements

prematurely iron, without

Because of the risks, doctors recommend that parents begin feeding their infants iron supplements after the age of [..] months if babies are not being fed iron-fortified complementary foods such as rice cereal.

four

breast milk contains many important nutrients as well as [..] that are passed from mother to baby to help fight infections - genetics - bacteria - toxins - antibodies

antibodies - this will help strengthen the immune system

Evidence shows that introduction of solid foods between 4 and 6 months can reduce the risk of: - iron toxicity - food allergies - - poor physical development - poor cognitive development

food allergies - introducing solid foods between 4 and 6 months may have an impact on food tolerances

which hormone promotes milk production? - estrogen - prolactin - oxytocin - testosterone

prolactin

For women who stat pregnancy at a normal weight, it is recommended they gain [..] pound(s) per week during their second and third trimesters? - 1/2 - 3/4 - 1 - 2

1 - it is recommended that they gain approximately 4 pounds per month

What component of the healthy weight gain that occurs during pregnancy will generally exceed the weight of a full term baby? - enlarged breasts and uterus - increased bodily fluids - fat - placenta and umbilical cord

increased bodily fluids - bodily fluids include body water, blood volume, and amniotic fluid

The primary change in milk composition that occurs with longer feeding session is that the milk at the end of a feeding period will be higher in: - fat - vitamins and minerals - protein - carbohydrates

Fat - hindmilk is highest in fat

Intake of which nutrient should increase during pregnancy but not during lactation - iron - vitamin D - zinc - protein

iron - the iron intake recommendation during pregnancy is 27 mg/day compared to 15-18 mg/day for lactating women

Consuming an excess of which nutrient during pregnancy can cause developmental problems and birth defects - folate - vitamin A - omega 3 fatty acids - niacin

vitamin A - pregnant woman should avoid supplementation of vitamin A

After birth, iron stores are adequate for the infant until [..] months of age

A pregnant woman needs to increase intake of which micronutrient in her diet to support both her and her fetus? - iron - vitamin E - riboflavin - vitamin D

iron - iron needs increase forth both mother and fetus during pregnancy

breastfed babies require a daily 400 IU supplement of vitamin [..] - vitamin A - vitamin C - vitamin K - vitamin D

vitamin D - breast milk may be lacking in vitamin D

what component of the healthy weight gain that occurs during pregnancy is about the same as the weight gain resulting from the baby's weight? - adipose tissue - blood - amniotic fluid - nonfat tissues

adipose tissue - adipose tissue is the storage of fat

how many weeks after fertilization is a developing human first referred to as a fetus? - 8 weeks - 5 weeks - 10 weeks - 13 weeks

8 weeks

a pregnant womens energy needs to increase [..]%

30%

ideally, infants should be breastfeed for at LEAST;

1 year

newborns receive a supplement of vitamin [..]

vitamin A

Spotlight E; Nutrition for Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Infancy Flashcards

(123 cards)