Spread and Contamination

Question 1

ways microbes can spread

Answer 1

air (aerosols), blood, secretions, direct contact (mucous membranes, hands), insects

Question 2

procedures that can produce aerosols

Answer 2

using a blender
opening cups or tubes (particularly those with a wet lid)
using a vortexer
centrifuging open tubes (especially over-filled ones)
splashes from a culture
pipetting
sonication
freeze-drying
pouring off or transferring

Question 3

exposure

Answer 3

Exposed to microorganisms means that there is no physical separation between the microorganism and you.

Question 4

contamination

Answer 4

to come in contact with microorganism after exposure

Question 5

infection

Answer 5

The entry of a microorganism into the body of a living being, the host, and the replication of the microorganism in the host

Question 6

Sterilization

Answer 6

Completely destroy microbes incl. spores. Quality standard: probability of one surviving microorganism is 1 in 1,000,000.

Question 7

Disinfection

Answer 7

Destroy/remove/restrict growth of microorganisms. No quality standard.

Question 8

Sterilisation ex.

Answer 8

autoclaving (process using high-pressure saturated steam at 121ºC)
hot air, 180ºC
incineration
filtration through filter with 0.2 µm pores (not used for viruses)
ethylene oxide gas
formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde solutions
gamma radiation

Question 9

Disinfection ex.

Answer 9

chlorine solutions (Staphylex)
70% ethanol
2% SDS
iodine
hot water / steam / boiling
formaldehyde gas
hydrogen peroxide gas / vapour

Question 10

Autoclaving steam temp.

Answer 10

120 C

Question 11

Autoclave: sterilize clean material

Answer 11

20 minutes at 121ºC

Question 12

Autoclave: sterilise bio waste (no spores)

Answer 12

at least 30 minutes at 121ºC

Question 13

Autoclave: bio waste w/ spore forming bacteria

Answer 13

depends on validation results

Question 14

Shelf life of chlorine solution

Answer 14

2 weeks

Question 15

Ethanol is less effective against viruses…

Answer 15

…w/o a viral envelope.

Question 16

Physical containment: first layer

Answer 16

Container (vial/bottle)

Close/seal properly

Question 17

Physical containment: second layer

Answer 17

Containment cabinet.

Class II safety cabinet blocks microorganisms - prevents contamination of lab by sample and vice versa.

Question 18

outer layer (physical containment)

Answer 18

laboratory

Question 19

bio. containment example

Answer 19

lentivirus (class 3 virus)
vector systems (buy) -> viruses that cannot multiply further once they are in the target cell.

Question 20

class 1

Answer 20

Microorganism that does not cause disease in humans, animals or plants.

Question 21

class 2

Answer 21

Microorganism that can cause disease in humans and is unlikely to spread among the population, for which an effective prophylactic, treatment or preventive measure is available.

Question 22

class 3

Answer 22

Microorganism that can cause serious disease in humans and is likely to spread among the population, for which an effective prophylactic, treatment or preventive measure is available.

Question 23

Class 4

Answer 23

Microorganism that can cause very serious disease in humans and is likely to spread among the population, for which no effective prophylactic, treatment or preventive measure is available.

Question 24

statutory requirements for working with genetically modified microorganisms in laboratories are set out in

Answer 24

Ministerial Regulation on GMO (Regeling GGO).

Question 25

statutory requirements for wild type microorganisms are in

Answer 25

Occupational Health and Safety information magazine 9 (AI 9, ARBO)

Question 26

Institutes working with animal by-productes must have approval for this from the

Answer 26

Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA, Nederlandse Voedsel en Waren Autoriteit).

Question 27

Storing animal products: register per container unit…

Answer 27

Description of material
Quantity of material
Date of receiving in the laboratory

Place of origin of the material
Name and address of carrier

or (last 2) CCD no. for byproducts from RUG lab

Question 28

keep documentation abt animal byproducts until

Answer 28

2yrs after byproducts destroyed