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World History > Spring Final > Flashcards

Spring Final Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration help pave the way for the Scientific Revolution?

A

Secularism, humanism, skepticism, and individualism were among the ideas that developed during those periods that encouraged people to seek their own answers using reason during the Scientific Revolution instead of relying on tradition or religion to provide answers to them.

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2
Q

What sources of knowledge were most central to the Scientific Revolution?

A

Scientific journals and experimentation

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3
Q

Which was not a source of knowledge for Europeans prior to 1550?

a. Greek authors c. the Bible
b. Roman authors d. science journals

A

d. science journals

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4
Q

What are Mary Wollstonecraft’s two major arguments?

A
  1. women can reason just as much as men and deserve to be treated as equals
  2. the treatment of men over women is just as bad as the treatment of monarchs to their subjects.
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5
Q

The heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory was defended by ___________.

A

Nicholas Copernicus

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6
Q

Isaac Newton explained the __________

a. law of universal gravitation
b. chemical composition of matter
c. function of blood vessels
d. anatomy of the human body

A

a. law of universal gravitation

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7
Q

Elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy elite where guest gathered to discuss the new ideas and works of philosophers were known as ____________

A

Salons.

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8
Q

The following ideas from the Declaration of Independence can be attributed most directly to the influence of whom?

a. John Locke c. Michel de Montaigne
b. Rene Descartes d. Alexis de Toqueville

A

a. John Locke

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9
Q

What were the causes of the scientific revolution?

A

The uprising of thinking about humanity’s place in the universe and how we came to be.

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10
Q

Rousseau and Locke both agreed that a government should be based on the –
In general, the philosophers believed in:
a. the pursuit of kindness
b. progress for society
c. controlling women’s rights
d. religious intolerance

A

b. progress for society

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11
Q

The 18th century movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society is ___________

A

The Enlightenment

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12
Q

According to _________, people always act in their own self-interest, and therefore the best form of government is _________.

A

Thomas Hobbes; Monarchy

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13
Q

Which of the following did the Enlightenment promote?

a. all are true c. a more secular outlook
b. faith in science d. a belief in progress

A

a. all are true

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14
Q

The social critics of the period in France were known as _________________

A

Philosophes.

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15
Q

According to ________, “I think, therefore I am!”

A

Descarte

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16
Q

According to John Locke, people are born with natural rights. What are the three natural rights?

A

Liberty, Life, and Property

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17
Q

Montesquieu called the division of power among different branches __________

A

Checks and balances.

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18
Q

What enlightenment thinker opposed excessive brutality and capital punishment?

A

Caesar Beccaria

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19
Q

When the Third Estate delegates were locked out of the Estates General, they made a pledge called the ____________ in which they planned to make a new govt. and constitution.

A

Tennis Court Oath

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20
Q

What document stated that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights?”

A

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

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21
Q

Which of the following is an accurate description of the tax system in France in the years preceding the French Revolution?

a. The nobility paid taxes only on land not on income.
b. The members of the Third Estate paid almost all of the taxes.
c. Only peasants and the clergy paid taxes.
d. Only about 2% of the nobility paid any taxes.

A

b. The members of the Third Estate paid almost all of the taxes.

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22
Q

________ came to guide the French Revolution and the violent Reign of Terror that followed.

A

Robespierre

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23
Q

The _______ was invented to ensure a more humane system of justice, though it often was used in contradiction to such goal.

A

Committee of Public Safety , guillotine

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24
Q

“If the mainspring of popular government in peacetime is virtue, in revolution it is both virtue and terror: virtue without terror is fatal; terror without virtue is powerless.” –Robespierre 1794
What does Robespierre mean by this quote?
a. French conquests in the rest of Europe
b. The protection of individual rights against claims by French royalists.
c. Restoring slavery in the colonies.
d. use of violence against political opponents.

A

The protection of individual rights against claims by French royalists.

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25
What was one major impact of the French Revolution? a. Protestants broke away from the Catholic Church. b. Europeans waged war in Africa c. Colonists in Latin America demonstrated their independences. d. Belief in the divine right of kings was strengthened.
Colonists in Latin America demonstrated their independences.
26
The period of great violence and use of the guillotine was known as ________
Reign of Terror.
27
Prior to independence, Haiti had been a colony of ________
France.
28
Describe Denis Diderot
- prominent figure during the Age of Enlightenment. - scientific theorist - French writer and philosopher - co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie
29
What was the Industrial Revolution?
When machinery was becoming more advanced and made major improvements to industry efficiency. physical labor -> machine
30
What was the first area to undergo major industrialization?
London
31
By the late 1700s, the best place to find a water frame and spinning mule was in (a/an) _________
Textile Factory by a water source.
32
Who defended the free-market system of capitalism in the book, The Wealth of Nations?
Adam Smith
33
Describe what is a laissez-faire policy?
Let citizens have rights over their own businesses without government interference. No gov. interference in the market.
34
What was the only nation in Africa to resist imperialism and European control?
Ethiopia
35
How many people died in the Taiping Rebellion?
20-40 million people
36
Following the Russo-Japanese War, Roosevelt helped draft a treaty granting Japan __________
Korea
37
Describe the Monroe Doctrine.
The US was scared European powers would attempt to take over new South American nations, so they wrote a document stating that North and South America could not be colonized by Europe. Also implied that the US wanted to be their own imperial power.
38
Describe the Roosevelt Corollary.
If a Latin American country appeared “unstable” the United States would intervene in their internal affairs.
39
What years did the British rule India?
1757-1947
40
Who encouraged an Open Door Policy with China?
The United States- US President William McKinley
41
Describe the Open Door Policy with China.
It proposed China leave its doors open to traders, but that it not be colonized by foreign powers. Proposed by the U.S. in 1899.
42
Emiliano Zapata raised a powerful revolutionary army and forced ________ to step down.
Diaz
43
Describe European Imperialism in Africa.
- The division and assimilation of African nations through violence and/or pressure. Europeans were fueled by Social Darwinism, racism, and national pride. - They had little regard for the people living there - racist ideologies led to very brutal treatment - inflicted lasting damage
44
What were major economic motivations influencing European Imperialism from 1750 to 1914?
- desire to make money - to expand and control foreign trade - create new markets for products - acquire raw materials and cheap labor - compete for investments and resources - export industrial tech and transportation methods
45
The national policy of taking over another territory is __________.
Imperialism
46
Define Social Darwinism.
The belief of natural selection through evolution got rid of the weak and the superior species always survived. Social Darwinists used this idea to explain their belief of how one race is biologically "superior" to another.
47
The European nations wanted to control the Ottomans’ land because they controlled the Mediterranean and Atlantic Sea trade, which is an example of _________.
Geopolitics
48
Describe the Opium Wars.
Two conflicts in China in the mid-19th century between the Western countries and the Qing dynasty. The first war was between China and Britain. It arose from China's attempts to suppress the Opium trade. The second started with the British seeking to extend their trading rights in China while the Qing gov. was busty trying to quell the Taiping Rebellion.
49
The Opium War of 1839 granted Britain _________ after their navy defeated the Chinese.
Hong Kong
50
What was the Berlin Conference?
In 1884, Germany, Great Britain, France, Portugal and ten other major European countries got together to peacefully divide African land and resources among them. They did not invite any Africans to the meeting. They did this in an attempt to bring “civilization” to Africa as well as Christianity.
51
What were the results of the Berlin Conference?
Many European countries were able to colonize Africa, without interfering with other’s plans to colonize. It prevented wars between European nations in Africa. However, it caused a lot of conflict between native civilizations in Africa. The borders drawn by the Europeans did not take into account the different tribal territories that had existed there for generations.
52
Why was India called the “jewel in the crown?”
India was called the “jewel in the crown” of Britain because it was rich in silk, spices, gold, and more.
53
Who was a real life Robin Hood figure in favor of revolution?
“Pancho” Villa
54
Why did the people in southern China rebel during the Taiping Rebellion?
The people of southern China rebelled during the Taiping Rebellion because of starvation from the lack of food due to the population boom and corrupt government.
55
Who regularly lobbied Parliament to push through laws to abolish slavery?
William Wilberforce
56
Describe the Meiji Era in Japan.
Since the shogun was being too welcoming to foreigners, Musihito took over the country. Musihito strengthened Japan’s military technique, increased education, and advanced the government.- Modernized to catch up with other nations.
57
With which nation did Japan sign the Treaty of Kanagawa, opening ports?
The United States
58
What trade item did the British discover that the Chinese didn't have that they wanted?
Opium
59
Who helped the Philippines gain independence from the United States following the Spanish-American War?
Emilio Aguinaldo
60
Who took over the Congo to profit off of the rubber in the region and licensed companies that abused the Africans and basically enslaved them to harvest the rubber?
King Leopold of Belgium took over the Congo to profit off of rubber and enslave Africans.
61
What were the external forces/European motives that enabled Imperialism?
- The Maxim Gun (1st machine gun) - Quinine - for protection against malaria - Nationalism - Racism - The steam engine
62
What were the internal forces that enabled Imperialism?
- Varieties of languages for African nations (Hard for the nations to communicate) - Very little technology and weapons - Internal wars within Africa
63
What countries were part of the Triple Alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
64
What countries were part of the Triple Entente?
France, Great Britain, and Russia.
65
The assassination of _______, heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was the spark that started WWI.
Franz Ferdinand
66
Explain how the Triple Entente alliance system worked.
The Triple Entente was not an alliance system. It was a mutual understanding of ideas, created before the war, for possible formation of an alliance in an emergency. The powers later came together to become the Allied powers in the war. Secret alliance to all help if one attacked the other.
67
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
A way for Germany to avoid a war on two fronts. A strategy for invasion by Germany of France and Belgium in August if 1914.
68
What 2 countries were upset after WWI because they didn’t get enough land as a reward after the war?
Italy and Japan.
69
What was Russia’s best asset during WWI?
It’s large population to expand (the size of their army).
70
What was one way that people at home helped the war effort?
Women took over traditional men’s jobs so the men could go to war. War bonds. Victory gardens.
71
What is an armistice?
An agreement between warring nations to cease fire and negotiated terms for ending conflict.
72
What is the name of the British ship that Germany sank carrying and killing 128 Americans?
Lusitania
73
Germany wrote the Zimmerman note to ________, but ____________ intercepted it.
Mexico ; British intelligence
74
The battle along the _________ consisted of parallel trenches that stretched hundreds of miles.
Western Front
75
The Big Four met at Versailles to discuss the terms of the end of the war. Who were a part of the Big Four?
George Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, Woodrow Wilson of the United States, and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy.
76
What were the main conditions of the Treaty of Versailles?
The occupation of the Rhineland by Allied troops, and the reduction in Germany territory and military, as well as Germany taking full responsibility for World War I and paying for reparations. Surrender colonies, demilitarization of Rhineland
77
How was the Treaty of Versailles responsible for WWII?
It caused the German population to be upset, as they had to pay for all the war reparation, and they lost all overseas colonies that could help them do so. This gave room for people like Hitler to use this unrest to gain political power. The people’s anger at their nations fueled his campaign to blame minorities for Germany’s troubles and prepared them to return to war. Harsh restrictions on Germany—fought back.
78
Leading up to WWII, the US experienced the ______, which caused a worldwide financial crisis.
Great Depression
79
Who was the leader of the Russian Revolution that helped found the Bolsheviks?
Vladimir Lenin
80
Explain what happened under the Bolsheviks and Lenin’s rule.
Lenin’s Red Guards took power over the provisional government. They declared themselves leaders of Russia. The Bolsheviks arrested and later executed the Romanovs, ending the 300 years of czar rule in Russia. Once in power, Lenin made many reforms in Russia. The first was to distribute farmland among peasants. Then, he gave the worker’s full control of factories. He signed a truce with Germany and gave up large territories to get Russia out of the war. After three years of revolution, Lenin’s Red Army won, making him the leader of Russia. He renamed it to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and created the communist party, a dictating rule for the Soviet Union.
81
Under Joseph Stalin, prison camps were set up in Siberia known as _________.
gulags
82
What was the goal of the Five Year Plan?
The goal of the Five-year plans was to overhaul the Soviet economy and make it an Industrial Superpower. Industrial, agriculture, get going again. Didn’t work.
83
What is one thing that Italy, Japan, and Germany had in common at the start of WWII?
They wanted to solve their nation’s problems with conquest. Dictators.
84
Leading up to WWII, a new militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leaders took hold in Italy. It is called _________.
fascism
85
Germany’s war strategy at the beginning of the war was known as ________, which was moving in fast, obliterating the enemy, and taking over.
blitzkrieg
86
The ________ Laws deprived Jews the right to citizenship, jobs, property, and forced them to wear a yellow star on their clothing.
Nuremberg
87
The entrance of the US into WWII was preceded by—
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
88
President Roosevelt spoke the following words, “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which shall live in infamy” to describe the—
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
89
______ Jews died in the death camps and in Nazi massacres.
6 million
90
Less than ________ European Jews survived the Holocaust.
one-third (4 million)
91
The Commander of the Allied forces in the Pacific was __________
Douglas MacArthur.
92
A wave of racism towards Americans of _________ descent rose after Pearl Harbor.
Japanese
93
The ________ turned the tide of the war in the Pacific for the Americans.
Battle of Midway
94
What countries were involved in the surprise D-Day attacks on Germany at Normandy?
The United States, Great Britain, Canada, and more.
95
During World War II, the Allied invasion of France on D-Day was significant because—
It was the largest land and sea attack in history. It created a western front and allowed the Allies a way to push towards Germany from the West, while the USSR pushed from the East. Turned the tide of the war.
96
In both WWI and WWII, after the US joined the war everything was focused on the war effort. This policy was called __________
total war.
97
The US dropped atomic bombs on Japan at ________ and __________, which helped end the war quickly.
Hiroshima ; Nagasaki
98
The Battle of Midway avenged _________
Pearl Harbor.
99
Rosie the Riveter represented the women who work in the __________.
factories
100
“Kristallnacht” means __________
Night of Broken Glass.
101
Define kamikaze.
Japanese pilots who flew planes (and themselves) into battleships and aircraft carriers. Suicide bombers.
102
V-E Day is also known as _______________
Victory in Europe Day.
103
The US followed a policy of ________ at the beginning of WWII.
neutrality (isolationism)
104
__________ was a Fascist.
Mussolini
105
Hitler gained support after the Great _______.
Depression
106
The Manhattan Project created the __________.
atomic bomb
107
President _________ ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan.
Harry Truman
108
Describe the map in the Final Review
The map shows the major battles in the Pacific Theater
109
What military strategy is depicted in the map from the Final Review?
“Island Hopping.” It involved the Allies skipping heavily-defended islands and only seizing weaker islands closer to Japan.
110
In the second image from the Final Review, what Allies’ strategy was Hitler taking advantage of?
Hitler is taking advantage of the Allies’ strategy of appeasement and neutrality.
111
What conclusion can be drawn from the last image in the Final Review?
Some thought that the atomic bomb brought peace to the world.

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