squint

Question 1

how many have squint when start school

Answer 1

1 in 15

Question 2

what increases risk of squint

Answer 2

neurological defect

Question 3

what can it lead to

Answer 3

amblyopia

Question 4

if a squint is untreated what can it lead to

Answer 4

diminished acuity of vision centrally

Question 5

what are most

Answer 5

infantile strabismus

Question 6

definition of strabismus

amblyopia

Answer 6

amBLYOPIA -lazy eye

strabismus - one eye looks directly at the object you are viewing, while the other eye is misaligned inward

Question 7

what is a congenital squint

Answer 7

before six months

Question 8

right left alternating

Answer 8

an eye which squints more than the other is likely to develop ambylopia
patient able to alternate fixation between both eyes

Question 9

LATENT AND MANIFEST

Answer 9

manifest squint when eye is In use and open

latent when eye is shut or covered

Question 10

paralytic and non paralytic

Answer 10

paralytic is where the direction of gaze affect size whereas non paralytic is unaffected by direction of gaze. size of deviation is the same

Question 11

alternative names for paralytic and non

Answer 11

paralytic incomitnant

non paralytic - concomitant

Question 12

primary secondary consecutive

Answer 12

consecutive from over corruption
secondary strabismus as a consequence of loss or impaired vision
primary is most common

Question 13

situational what is most common

Answer 13

conStant eSotropia for reading (still) and intermittent entropic for distance

Question 14

define 
exotropia/divergent
esotropia /convergent 
hypertropia
hypotropia

Answer 14

exotropia/divergent - outward eye
esotropia /convergent inward eye
hypertropia upward eye
hypotropia downward eye

Question 15

what is ANISOMETROPIA

Answer 15

unequal refractive error in eyes

exotropia/divergent
esotropia /convergent
hypertropia
hypotropia

Question 16

causes of nonparalytic squint

Answer 16

catacts
anisometropia
abnormalities of retina
risk factors such as prematurity, fhx, congenital genetic disorder se.g. downs, neurological illness e.g CP, meningitis, encephalitis

Question 17

paralytic squint

Answer 17

cranial nerve imapriement damage
myasthenia graves 
ocular myosositis 
brown syndrome 
Duane syndrome 
euthyroid eye

Question 18

what is brown syndrome and Duane syndrome

Answer 18

brown syndrome is supervisor oblique restriction so limits inferior oblique action

Duane syndrome : horizontial diplopia

Question 19

key features of non paralytic squints

Answer 19

uusually conigetal
have full movement in both eyes when tested seperately
NORMAL MUSCLE AND NERVE 
no diplopia 
estropia more common 
intermittent more common
30% fhx 
NEONATAL SQUINT AFFECT 73% OF NEW BORNS AND ONE ONE BUT SETTLES 
pathological squints >6 months

Question 20

paralytic squint features

Answer 20

acquired through damage to nerve and extraoccular muscles

myopathies

Question 21

which is diplopia seen in

binolcular diplopia

Answer 21

paralytic

correction of double vision when either eye is occluded

Question 22

three ways to examine

Answer 22

gross examination
cranial nerve eye movement
light reflexes including looking for red reflex

Question 23

name of test for red reflex

Answer 23

bruckner test

Question 24

tests for eye

Answer 24

alternative cover

uncover, cover test and hirschberg test

Question 25

hirschberg test

Answer 25

hischberg test : pen torch arm length away from eye, shine light in eye and ask pt to look at it. if light at INNER margin of pupil, Extropia , if light outer later of eye then ESTROPIA

EXit, IM IN.

Outer, Est.

Question 26

cover and uncover test

Answer 26

remember opposite to definition
so patient asked to focus on object
cover one eye and focus on uncovered it as patient stares at object
then swap eyes for being covered,
if the eye moves INWARD, its exotropia (as was outward before)
if it moves outwards, then estropia (initially inward)

Question 27

alternative cover

Answer 27

rapidly switching between covering and uncovering eye

this reveals a latent esophoria (if moves outwards) and latent extrophorias (if moves inwards)

Question 28

when does ambylopia need to be fixed

how

Answer 28

<8
patching of eye
cycloplegic drops
prism correction of squints and diplopia

Question 29

correction of squints and diplopia

Answer 29

prism correction of squints and diplopia