SS 2nd Tri Test

Question 1

Raw materials

Answer 1

products from nature that are used to make products

Question 2

Gusher

Answer 2

Oil wells that did not need extensive pumping to get the oil to the suface

Question 3

Bessemer Process

Answer 3

Molten iron was poured into a large container. The iron was cooled by air which changed it to steel.

Question 4

Scientific Management

Answer 4

eliminating unnecessary actions or tasks in a company

making sure each worker, tool, and task was absolutely necessary for the job.

Question 5

Railroad gauge

Answer 5

the width between the inside sections of railroad tracks.

Question 6

Vertical integration

Answer 6

One company controls all stages in the creation of a product

ex: Henry Ford’s car company made each of the parts and sold the whole car.

Question 7

Horizontal integration

Answer 7

large companies combined with similar companies into making a single company

ex: a newspaper company controlled all of the other newspaper companies so people bought their newspapers from that one company

Question 8

Corporations

Answer 8

a business that issues shares of company ownership, called stock

Question 9

Stocks

Answer 9

Shares of company ownership that companies can buy and sell

Question 10

Bonds

Answer 10

Loan certificates, the buyer has to give money to the company and be payed back with interest later

Question 11

Bureaucracy

Answer 11

organizational structure that divides work into categories

Question 12

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 12

law that kept Chinese immigrants from settling in U.S.

Question 13

Naturalization

Answer 13

process used to grant U.S. citizenship to a foreign citizen

Question 14

Tammany Hall

Answer 14

A powerful political (Democratic) machine that ruled NYC during the 1800s

Question 15

Political Machine

Answer 15

organizations that informally exchanged political favors for promise of votes

Question 16

Nativism

Answer 16

the idea that needs of native born citizens should be favored over immigrant populations

Question 17

Spoils System

Answer 17

a political practice in which winners of elections remove people from government jobs and appointments and replace them with their campaign workers or other supporters

Question 18

Mugwumps

Answer 18

a group of long-time Republican supporters including Mark Twain and Thomas Nast

Question 19

Civil Service System

Answer 19

that candidates for government jobs have to meet specific, job-relevant qualifications

Question 20

Tenement

Answer 20

a piece of land held by owner

12-14 per room, less than 1 foot of space between buildings, little running water/baths, no privacy, diseases, unsafe, dirty

Question 21

How would raw materials be used?

Answer 21

To make wooden chairs, iron ore, coal, and oil

Question 22

Effects of the Bessemer process

Answer 22

Steel manufacturing could not be a short and non expensive process

paved the way for open-hearth process

Question 23

What is division of labor?

Answer 23

When a company would split up its workers into special categories and each worker would do one thing it specialized in

lots of products made in shorter time

Question 24

Effects of the assembly line

Answer 24

division of labor

Workers would add on parts at each of their stations to an unfinished product that moved down the belt. After passing through all of the stations, the product was done

jobs went down, easily replaceable

Question 25

Effects of steam to electric power

Answer 25

more efficient and powerful retrieval of raw materials and making of goods increased and improved

Question 26

What were the cause and effects of industrialization?

Answer 26

Cause: new machines being made in the Industrial Revolution after Civil War Effect: U.S. urban population went up, public transportation, skyscrapers, efficiently mass produce goods that people wanted, products became affordable, changed the way American business were organized and operated

Question 27

Rise of birth rates due to what?

Answer 27

Industrialization

Question 28

Why did people more from farms to cities?

Answer 28

lots of jobs, machines replacing human labor

Question 29

Why did immigrants come to America?

Answer 29

jobs, new life, religious/political freedoms, economic opportunities

Question 30

Why did immigrants want to leave their countries?

Answer 30

Italy: not enough jobs, food supply was low Slavic: treated badly by Austro-Hungarian Empire, bad jobs, little political power Jews: pogroms Ireland: potato famine

Question 31

How did telegraphs and telephones grow the industry?

Answer 31

made the country more interconnected and enhanced the ability of businesses to expand over large regions.

Question 32

How did bureaucracy's develop?

Answer 32

when some American businesses became very large, they formed hierarchys

Question 33

White collar jobs

Answer 33

worked in clean, white dress shirts, had a college education, and received high pay. -included managers and other trained professionals such as doctors and lawyers-

Question 34

Blue collar jobs

Answer 34

people who did manual labor in factories and other companies, less education, and less pay. worked in blue denim shirts

Question 35

How did new inventions add to pollution while contributing to innovation?

Answer 35

They made more machines and some of them would be powered by gas, which would pollute the air. It made farming more efficient and made more products.

Question 36

Steel plow's effect on agricultural production

Answer 36

a plow made of steel that had sod not stick to it. It made farming easier and more food was produced.

Question 37

Combine's effect on agricultural production

Answer 37

engine powered machines that cut grain, separated it from the main plant, and cleaned it all at once. Fewer workers were needed on farms. Replaced reaper.

Question 38

What was the first wave of immigration?

Answer 38

Northern and Western Europe

Question 39

What was the second wave of immigration?

Answer 39

Ireland, Germany, Great Britain

Question 40

What discrimination did immigrants find?

Answer 40

Ireland: many of them were Catholic, some Americans found that threatening to their Protestant population Jobs: American/Know-Knowing Party didn't like immigrants and found seats in government positions Chinese: California had taxes on Chinese workers lived in enclaves, social and cultural barriers, including language and religion Nativists did not like them, literacy tests, Chinese Exclusion Act, restricted them from some places

Question 41

What is Ellis Island?

Answer 41

first U.S. immigration station

Question 42

Steps for entry in U.S.

Answer 42

collected passenger manifests, questioned/examined, doctors checked for illness, legal questioning, reading test

Question 43

What is the naturalization process? How did it change over time?

Answer 43

process used to grant U.S. citizenship to a foreign citizen after certain requirements are met First-Federal law gave any court of record, from a local court to a state court to a federal court, the jurisdiction to grant citizenship to applicants. After Basic Naturalization Act of 1906- loyalty oath, court to hear case, resident of country for 5 years, view by judge, oath of Allegiance to U.S. Constitution

Question 44

Ethnic Enclave

Answer 44

``` a place (neighborhood) in which people of a same culture, religion, language live apart from other groups worked together to accomplish goals ``` Ex: Jewish immigrants worked together in factories to make clothing; Italians

Question 45

Tenements

Answer 45

crowded, little running water/baths, no privacy, dirty, unsafe, diseases Ex: Jewish people of lower east Manhattan

Question 46

Unsafe Working Conditions

Answer 46

Factories had little laws to protect workers, damaged machines, dark and filthy spaces, children worked, injuries, and deaths ex: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1910

Question 47

How did legislation limit the number of immigrants?

Answer 47

Basic Naturalization Act of 1906

Question 48

What were the effects of public transport?

Answer 48

Cable car, electrified streetcar system, subway system, live in one place and work in another, married people could work in different places, rich people could move away

Question 49

Public health services in cities

Answer 49

Turned to government for help, took steps to address health as a public issue by gathering groups of educated people and instructing them to solve common problems, cities created boards, commissions, and departments to improve public health, to ensure a supply of clean water, and to dispose of human and factory waste, sewer system, street sweepers.

Question 50

How did cities become a center for learning and culture?

Answer 50

opened and expanded libraries, more newspapers, art museums opened, literacy rates increased Ex: Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Recorder

Question 51

How did political machines use corruption?

Answer 51

exchanged political favors for promises of votes, took kickbacks, or payments, in exchange for awarding government contracts or jobs, bosses got money

Question 52

Why did immigrants like political machines?

Answer 52

providing them with jobs or a place to live in exchange for votes in elections

Question 53

What was the role of Catholic school?

Answer 53

Catholics saw public schools as an attempt to force their children to become Protestant. Catholic Church started many private schools.

Question 54

Civil Service system vs. spoils system

Answer 54

CSS: only candidates who are qualified can be hired SS: election winner can hire whoever they want to work for them, usually campaign workers/supporters