ss 3rd final

Question 1

refers to the process in which opinions or beliefs become more extreme and divided in society, often leading to social or political conflict.

Answer 1

Polarization

Question 2

refers to the tendency to search for, interpret, or favor information that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs or opinions.

Answer 2

confirmation bias

Question 3

refers to the mental discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes

Answer 3

cognitive dissonance

Question 4

refers to the belief that resources are limited, leading to fear of losing out and often creating competition or anxiety

Answer 4

scarcity mindset

Question 5

a situation where one person’s gain is another’s loss

Answer 5

zero-sum game

Question 6

a situation where all parties can benefit.

Answer 6

positive-sum game

Question 7

refers to environments where individuals are exposed only to information that reinforces their beliefs, often leading to a narrow perspective.

Answer 7

Echo-chambers

Question 8

refers to the unpredictability or lack of guaranteed security in a given environment. This was a major context within which the human mind [psyche] evolved.

Answer 8

enviornmental uncertainty

Question 9

refers to the mass killing and forced deportation of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

Answer 9

armenian genocide

Question 10

refers to a conflict where a country faces enemies on two different borders or sides simultaneously.

Answer 10

two-front-war

Question 11

Refers to the conflicts in 1912-1913, where the Balkan states fought against the Ottoman Empire and then against each other over territorial disputes.

Answer 11

1st and 2nd Balkan Wars

Question 12

refers to a political and cultural ideology advocating for the unity of Slavic peoples across Eastern and Central Europe

Answer 12

Pan-Slavism

Question 13

refers to the process of assimilating non-Turkish populations into Turkish culture, language, and identity [especially before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire].

Answer 13

Turkification

Question 14

refers to a society or group composed of diverse ethnic groups, often with one or more smaller groups having less power or representation.

Answer 14

multi ethnic society/mindset

Question 15

refers to the large empire in Central Europe (1867–1918) ruled by the Habsburg dynasty, comprising various ethnic groups which played a large role in the lead-up to WWI.

Answer 15

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Question 16

refers to the events following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip, a an ethnic Serb living in Bosnia, which was the spark that started World War I.

Answer 16

the july crisis

Question 17

refers to the terrorist organization with ties to Serbian nationalist movements within the Serbian military that was responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Answer 17

The black hand

Question 18

Refers to the military alliances in World War I, where the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) opposed the Triple Entente (France, Russia, Britain). Once the war started, these alliances became generally referred to as the “Central” and “All

Answer 18

the alliance systen Triple alliance/triple entente

Question 19

Refers to the agreement that guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium and was signed by major European powers. It was the immediate cause for Britain to enter WWI.

Answer 19

Treaty of london (1839)