SS Midterm Grade 8

Question 1

What are the 5 themes of geography?

Answer 1

Movement, Location, Human-Environment Interaction, Region, and Place

Question 2

What are the 2 basic questions of geography?

Answer 2

Where are things located?

Why are they there?

Question 3

Describe the difference between absolute and relative location

Answer 3

Absolute= exact location
Relative= landmarks and characteristics

Question 4

What are the 8 traits of culture?

Answer 4

Religion, Art, History, Social Groups, Government, Language, Economy, and Daily Life

Question 5

Define indigenous

Answer 5

Characteristic of that place, often used to describe people

Question 6

Define infrastructure

Answer 6

Structures, buildings, facilities in a country (roads, ports, schools)

Question 7

Define paternalism

Answer 7

Outside power treating people as children who do not deserve rights

Question 8

Define assimilation

Answer 8

Adopting new culture, often forced upon people

Question 9

Define boycott

Answer 9

Refusal to buy a product or good usually in protest

Question 10

Define nationalism

Answer 10

Pride in one’s country

exp. Africa for Africans

Question 11

Define subsistence farming

Answer 11

Only farm what you need, farm for survival/ make a living

Question 12

Define specialized economy

Answer 12

Economy is based on only one thing

Question 13

Define monotheism

Answer 13

Believe in only one god

Question 14

Who is the founder of Islam?

Answer 14

Muhammad

Question 15

What are the 5 pillars of Islam?

Answer 15

If able, pilgrimage to Mecca
Pray five times a day (facing Mecca)
Pay a yearly tax (tithe)
Fast during Ramadan
Believe in one god, Allah

Question 16

What is the difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims?

Answer 16

Shia= want Ali to succeed Muhammad
Sunni= want the best candidate to succeed Muhammad

Question 17

What made the empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay powerful?

Answer 17

They were the center of trade, possessed gold and salt mines

Question 18

Who was the most powerful leader of Mali?

Answer 18

Mansa Musa, took a hajj to Mecca and tossed around gold

Question 19

What religion spread throughout the West African empires?

Answer 19

Islam

Question 20

What were the roles of Africans in the Atlantic Slave Trade?

Answer 20

Africans sold other Africans into slavery. At first, it was just prisoners of war, criminals, or debtors (people who owed money).

Question 21

What were the primary products from each area that participated in the Triangular Trade Route?

Answer 21

America—Europe: crops like sugar, tobacco cotton
Europe—Africa: weapons and manufactured goods
Africa—America: slaves

Question 22

What was the name of the slave portion of the Triangular Trade Route?

Answer 22

The Middle Passage

Question 23

What drove the demand for slaves during the Atlantic Slave Trade?

Answer 23

To work on plantations

Question 24

Why did the Atlantic Slave Trade introduce a racist ideology?

Answer 24

They justified slavery by claiming Africans were biologically inferior.

Question 25

What are the three reasons for European imperialism?

Answer 25

Economic Political Cultural

Question 26

What is the reason for economic imperialism?

Answer 26

Natural resources | Additional markets for European goods

Question 27

What is the reason for political imperialism?

Answer 27

Get more power/land | Make the empire larger

Question 28

What is the reason for cultural imperialism?

Answer 28

Spread religion/culture | Adopt/Civilize African people

Question 29

What was the Berlin Conference?

Answer 29

European countries gathered in Germany to agree on how to divide Africa without fighting. Africans were not present.

Question 30

Define direct control

Answer 30

Foreign officials are used to govern

Question 31

Define indirect control

Answer 31

Local rulers govern under oversight from Europeans

Question 32

Who was King Leopold II and what did he do?

Answer 32

King of Belgium, took over the Congo and forced people to work under horrific conditions.

Question 33

What made Ethiopia successful?

Answer 33

Emperor Menelik II negotiated with European powers and stockpiled modern weapons.

Question 34

What were the positive effects of colonial rule in Africa?

Answer 34

Improved sanitation, healthcare, education, infrastructure (roads, railroads, communications), reduce local warfare, economic expansion (African products became valued on global market)

Question 35

What are the negative effects of colonial rule in Africa?

Answer 35

loss of land/independence, artificial boundaries that grouped together enemies and split tribes, unprepared to run a democracy, breakdown of African culture, death brought by Europeans, and families were separated.

Question 36

What are the struggles of post colonial Africa?

Answer 36

Military coups/ military would take over the gov't | Struggling without knowledge of democracy

Question 37

What is apartheid?

Answer 37

Afrikaans for separate/ a part Racial segregation in South Africa 148 laws made by white minority

Question 38

Who was Nelson Mandela?

Answer 38

President of the African National Congress First democratically elected black president of South Africa Went to jail while fighting for rights

Question 39

What are the causes and effects of unequal water distribution?

Answer 39

``` Causes= dams, no rain , few rivers Effects= tension between countries, lack of water for agriculture ```

Question 40

What are the causes and effects of water pollution?

Answer 40

``` Causes= sewage, dams reducing fresh water flow, salt water mixing into fresh water Effects= disease/death ```

Question 41

Why do rentier states limit the rights of their citizens?

Answer 41

Government makes money selling natural resources so they don’t change taxes for services. No taxes= no vote

Question 42

What are the consequences of unequal distribution of wealth in the oil-rich Middle East?

Answer 42

Creates tension Foreign workers are treated poorly People are suspicious of foreign aid

Question 43

What is the difference between ethnicity and religion?

Answer 43

Ethnicity shares common characteristics. Religion is your belief system.

Question 44

Why did the United States organize a coup of the democratically elected Iranian Prime Minister in 1953?

Answer 44

America concerned that Iran might turn into communism | He nationalized Iran’s oil, taking it away from Britain

Question 45

Who was the Shah?

Answer 45

The King of Iran, Reza Pahlavi | Supported western interests by the was corrupt and ruled through terror

Question 46

What was the Iranian Hostage Crisis?

Answer 46

Students stormed US embassy in Tehran and took 66 hostages and demanded the return of the Shah who was in America for cancer treatment. President Carter tried a rescue mission, but it failed. The Shah died, US released Iranian assets and hostages came home once President Reagan was inaugurated.