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1
Q

What is the scientific theory about human origin called?

A

The evolution theory

Developed by Charles Darwin.

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2
Q

What are the three processes involved in evolution according to the theory?

A
  • Mutation
  • Natural selection
  • Adaptation
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3
Q

What was Aegyptopithecus?

A

The earliest ancestor of both human beings and apes

Discovered in Egypt.

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4
Q

What characterized Homo habilis?

A

Human-like but with longer arms

Known as ‘Handy man’ and discovered in Olduvai Gorge.

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5
Q

What was a significant trait of Homo erectus?

A

Was upright man with a brain capacity of 850cm3

Known for discovering fire and making advanced tools.

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6
Q

What is the brain capacity of Homo sapiens?

A

1000-1800cm3

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7
Q

What do fossil records help to establish?

A
  • Evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors
  • Time period in which organisms lived
  • Important events and species in historical and geographical contexts
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8
Q

Where were the oldest known human remains in Africa discovered?

A

Ethiopia

Dating back to around 200,000 years ago.

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9
Q

What are some changes that took place in humans as a result of evolution?

A
  • Changes in teeth
  • Changes in arms
  • Changes in body shape
  • Increased brain size
  • Structure of legs
  • Shape of head
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10
Q

What led to the development of Swahili civilization?

A

Interactions between local Bantu-speaking communities and Arab traders

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11
Q

List some of the early visitors to the East Africa coast.

A
  • Arabs
  • Portuguese
  • Indians
  • Persians
  • Chinese
  • Greeks
  • Egyptians
  • Phoenicians
  • Romans
  • Syrians
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12
Q

What were some factors that led to the growth of East Africa city-states?

A
  • Bantu migration
  • Trade
  • Monsoon winds
  • Rise of Islam
  • Good deep natural harbors
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13
Q

What is population growth?

A

The change of population size in a region over a period of time

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14
Q

What are the two types of population growth?

A
  • Positive population growth
  • Negative population growth
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15
Q

What are some causes of population growth in Africa?

A
  • High fertility rates
  • Declining mortality rates
  • Urbanization
  • Lack of education
  • Natural calamities
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16
Q

What are the effects of population growth in Africa?

A
  • Over-exploitation of resources
  • Unemployment and poverty
  • Shortage of social amenities
  • Increased innovation
  • Food insecurity
  • Increased crime rates
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17
Q

What is internal migration?

A

The movement of people within a country

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18
Q

What are the types of internal migration?

A
  • Rural to urban migration
  • Urban to rural migration
  • Rural to rural migration
  • Urban to urban migration
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19
Q

What is the current estimated population of Kenya?

A

Around 50 million people

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20
Q

What does building self-esteem involve?

A

Developing a positive perception of one’s worth and abilities

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21
Q

What factors influence self-esteem in daily life?

A
  • Positive interactions
  • Accomplishing personal goals
  • Negative interactions
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22
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

A positive perception and belief in one’s own worth and abilities

Involves recognizing and appreciating one’s strengths, accomplishments, and unique qualities, while accepting and learning from mistakes and setbacks.

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23
Q

Name factors that influence self-esteem.

A
  • Positive interactions
  • Accomplishing personal goals
  • Negative body image
  • Supportive environment
  • Unrealistic beauty standards

Positive interactions can boost self-esteem, while negative interactions can lower it.

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24
Q

How can one build healthy self-esteem?

A
  • Believing in yourself
  • Celebrating successes
  • Maintaining a positive attitude
  • Being kind to yourself
  • Promoting body positivity
  • Being assertive

Healthy self-esteem promotes social cohesion and enhances positive interactions.

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25
What does healthy esteem in social interactions involve?
* Demonstrating confidence * Setting goals * Seeking support * Handling criticism positively * Practicing self-care ## Footnote Healthy esteem involves self-worth and self-acceptance.
26
Define emotional care.
Refers to one’s well-being and ability to cope with challenges and recognize feelings ## Footnote Includes recognizing and managing one's own emotions and those of others.
27
List some difficult emotions.
* Anger * Sadness * Fear * Loneliness * Guilt * Anxiety * Shame ## Footnote Difficult emotions can lead to distress and reduced self-esteem.
28
How can one deal with difficult emotions?
* Recognizing and accepting emotions * Identifying the emotions * Seeking support * Finding triggers * Engaging in physical activities * Guiding and counseling ## Footnote Healthy management of emotions is essential.
29
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and those of others ## Footnote Important for making better decisions and maintaining healthy relationships.
30
Identify qualities that show emotional intelligence.
* Self-awareness * Self-regulation * Self-motivation * Empathy * Social skills ## Footnote These qualities help in recognizing and managing emotions effectively.
31
What is resilience?
The ability to bounce back and recover from adversity and challenges ## Footnote Resilient individuals maintain a positive mindset and learn from failures.
32
List situations that require resilience.
* Dealing with chronic illness * Overcoming grief * Failure * Losses in business * Practicing a new skill * Rejection or discrimination ## Footnote Resilience helps in approaching challenges positively.
33
What are characteristics of a resilient person?
* Problem solver * Positive attitude * Flexible * Perseverance * Emotionally intelligent * Confident * Growth attitude * Self-awareness * Good communicator * Accepting ## Footnote Resilient individuals view challenges as opportunities for growth.
34
What values enhance resilience?
* Courage * Patience * Integrity * Humility * Gratitude ## Footnote These values help individuals tackle challenges and persist through difficulties.
35
Define socio-cultural diversity.
Refers to social, cultural, racial, and ethnic backgrounds in communities ## Footnote It includes differences in ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, gender, age, and socio-economic status.
36
What is inclusion?
The practice of giving people from diverse backgrounds equal access to opportunities ## Footnote Inclusion is important for reducing discrimination based on race, gender, beliefs, or ability.
37
How can we celebrate socio-cultural diversity?
* Participating in music and drama festivals * Celebrating cultural festivals * Encouraging intermarriages * Interacting with diverse communities * Cooking dishes from different cultures ## Footnote Celebrating diversity fosters understanding and respect.
38
What are signs of unhealthy relationships?
* Poor communication * Lack of trust * Disrespectful behavior * Physical abuse * Emotional abuse * Repeated patterns of conflict ## Footnote Unhealthy relationships can lead to negative emotional outcomes.
39
What are positive effects of healthy relationships?
* Happiness * Healthy self-esteem * Positive attitude * Personal growth * Gratitude * Reduced stress ## Footnote Healthy relationships contribute to emotional well-being.
40
Define conflict.
A disagreement or argument between individuals or groups ## Footnote Conflicts can arise from differences in opinion, interest, or belief.
41
What are non-violent ways of resolving family conflict?
* Negotiation * Problem-solving * Mediation * Apologizing * Forgiveness ## Footnote Non-violent methods promote understanding and peace.
42
What is a community service project?
A voluntary initiative undertaken to solve a specific need or improve community well-being ## Footnote Community service-learning projects enhance civic engagement.
43
List benefits of community service learning.
* Applies classroom learning to real-life * Develops problem-solving and communication skills * Increases understanding of social issues * Boosts self-esteem and personal growth * Encourages diversity ## Footnote Community service learning benefits both individuals and the community.
44
What is a map?
A representation of an area, drawn to scale showing features like roads and rivers ## Footnote Map reading involves interpreting and analyzing the information presented.
45
Name the elements of a map.
* Title * Frame * Key * Compass direction * Scale ## Footnote These elements are essential for understanding map information.
46
What does marginal information on a map include?
* Map series * Title * Grid reference system * Latitudes * Longitudes * Publisher * Sheet index number * Scale * Copyright ## Footnote Marginal information provides additional context for interpreting maps.
47
What are lines drawn on a map showing how far east or west a place is from the Greenwich Meridian called?
Longitudes ## Footnote Longitudes run from North to South.
48
Who is referred to as the publisher in the context of maps?
The person or the company that published the map.
49
What is a sheet index number?
A number given to each sheet to identify it from other maps in a map series.
50
What does scale refer to on a map?
It is a ratio of a distance on the map to a corresponding distance on the actual ground.
51
What is the copyright law?
It protects the owners of published works from other persons using their literature as their own without permission.
52
What does the edition number on a map indicate?
It shows the year that the map was published.
53
What is the purpose of a key on a map?
To explain the symbols and colors used on the map.
54
What is a topographical map?
A representation of the earth’s physical features and manmade features in detail.
55
List some features included in a topographical map.
* Rivers * Roads * Railways * Mountains
56
What are the three types of scales used on maps?
* Statement scale * Representative scale * Linear scale
57
What is a statement scale?
A written description of the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the actual ground.
58
Fill in the blank: A representative scale might be expressed as 1:______, which means that one unit on the map represents 10,000 of the same units on the ground.
10,000
59
What is a linear scale?
A graphic representation of the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the ground.
60
What are the uses of scales on maps?
* Measure distance on maps * Determine level of details * Draw a map expressing actual distance * Determine the shortest route
61
What is a small scale map?
A map that has a scale larger than 1:1,000,000.
62
What is a large scale map?
A map with a scale range from 1:25,000 to 1:2,000 and below.
63
What equipment is used to measure distance on a map?
* A ruler * A string * A piece of paper with a straight edge * A pair of dividers
64
What factors determine the choice of methods to measure distance on a map?
* Nature of the line between two points * Whether the line is long, short, straight, or curved
65
What method is used to calculate the area of irregular objects on a map?
Divide the irregular area into smaller regular shapes and calculate their areas.
66
What is the purpose of using grid squares on a topographical map?
To calculate the area of an irregular shape on the map.
67
What does relief refer to on topographical maps?
The physical appearance of the land surface in terms of shape, size, height above sea level, and slope.
68
How is vegetation represented on a topographical map?
* Colouring * Symbols * Text labels
69
What does weather refer to?
The atmospheric conditions of a particular place at a specific time.
70
What is climate?
The long-term patterns of weather in a particular area.
71
List the factors influencing weather and climate in Africa.
* Latitude extent * Land and sea contrast * Ocean current * Altitude * Human activities * Relief
72
What are the characteristics of equatorial climate?
* Very high temperatures averaging 26°C * High humidity * Convectional rainfall * Rainfall averaging about 2,000 mm
73
What is the main vegetation type found in the equatorial climate?
Tropical rainforest.
74
What is a defining characteristic of desert climate?
High evaporation rates making it difficult for plants to survive.
75
What types of vegetation are characteristic of savannah vegetation?
* Grasses with deep roots * Deciduous trees * Dominant species like acacia and baobab
76
What are historical sites and monuments in Africa?
* Fort Jesus * Kilwa * Great Zimbabwe * Giza pyramids * Meroe * Timbuktu * Robben Island
77
What is the importance of Fort Jesus?
It serves as a memory of the European colonial expansion and is a tourist attraction.
78
What is Great Zimbabwe known for?
A destination in Zimbabwe that preserves the culture of the Zimbabweans ## Footnote It reflects on African architecture and serves as a source of national pride.
79
What significance do the Giza pyramids hold?
Tourist attraction and a symbol of Egypt’s rich history and culture ## Footnote They also reflect the architectural design of the ancient Egyptians.
80
What is the role of Meroe in Sudan?
An archaeological research site that preserves the political and cultural practices of the Kingdom of Kush ## Footnote It also demonstrates the rich heritage of Nubian people.
81
What is Timbuktu known for?
Preserves the educational history of the people of Mali and historic manuscripts ## Footnote Manuscripts cover subjects like science, mathematics, and Islamic theology.
82
What does Robben Island symbolize?
A symbol of resistance and the fight for racial equality and justice ## Footnote It serves as a historical site for learning about political transitions in South Africa.
83
List the importance of historical sites and monuments.
* Sites of tourist attraction * Earn foreign exchange through tourism * Create jobs * Serve as cultural and religious centers * Preserve architectural development * Represent tangible remains of society
84
Fill in the blank: A constitution is the _______ for a state or country.
[rule book]
85
What are the components of the Constitution of Kenya?
* Preamble * Bill of rights * Structure of government * Devolution * Citizenship * Land and responsibilities * Leadership and integrity * Elections * Public finance * National security * Amendment of the constitution
86
What is the role of the Legislature in Kenya?
Responsible for making laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the actions of the executive arm ## Footnote It consists of the National Assembly and the Senate.
87
What does the Executive arm of government consist of in Kenya?
The President and the Cabinet ## Footnote The President is responsible for implementing and enforcing the law.
88
True or False: The Judiciary is responsible for interpreting and applying the law.
True
89
Name the guiding principles in the Constitution of Kenya.
* Accountability * Inclusivity * Transparency * Participatory * Good governance
90
What does 'good leadership' in Chapter Six of the Constitution of Kenya emphasize?
* Integrity * Transparency * Accountability * National unity * Social justice * Ethical conduct
91
What are human rights?
Fundamental rights that all human beings possess regardless of their status ## Footnote This includes race, national or ethnic origin, and religion.
92
How can individuals respect human rights in the community?
* Advocate for protection of individual freedoms * Listen to others' perspectives * Stand against discrimination * Promote inclusivity
93
What rights do children have according to the Children’s Act, 2022?
* Right to education * Right to health * Right to protection from abuse
94
What is the purpose of World Children's Day?
To promote international togetherness and improve children's welfare ## Footnote Celebrated on November 20, marking the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.
95
What are the responsibilities of a global citizen?
* Respect human rights * Support sustainable development * Value others' dignity * Advocate for international cooperation
96
What are essential skills for critical thinking?
* Creativity * Problem solving * Analysis * Open-mindedness * Communication
97
What hinders critical thinking?
* Pressure from society * Peer pressure * Emotions * Fear of failure * Lack of information
98
What is creative thinking?
The ability to generate new ideas and approach problems innovatively ## Footnote It involves breaking free from traditional thought patterns.
99
List characteristics of creative thinking.
* Originality * Flexibility * Fluency * Elaboration * Risk taking
100
What is creative thinking?
Breaking free from traditional thought patterns, exploring different perspectives, and making connections between seemingly unrelated concepts.
101
Is creative thinking limited to art?
No, it is also applied to problem solving, decision making, and various aspects of daily life.
102
What are the characteristics of creative thinking?
* Originality * Flexibility * Fluency * Elaboration * Risk taking * Complexity
103
Define originality in the context of creative thinking
Ability to generate ideas that are unique.
104
What does flexibility mean in creative thinking?
Being open-minded and adaptable to change.
105
What is fluency in creative thinking?
Ability to produce many ideas or solutions.
106
Explain elaboration in creative thinking.
Developing and expanding upon ideas to add depth and richness.
107
What is risk taking in creative thinking?
Willingness to step outside of one's comfort zone and explore unconventional solutions.
108
What are common challenges in creative thinking?
* Distractions * Mental blocks * Lack of inspiration * Peer influence * Self-doubts
109
How can distractions affect creative thinking?
They take away attention and disrupt focus and flow of ideas.
110
What are mental blocks?
Obstacles that stop creative thinking, often stemming from stress, depression, or preconceived ideas.
111
What are some ways to overcome challenges in creative thinking?
* Embrace failure * Take breaks * Challenge negative self-talk * Work in a conducive environment * Seek inspiration
112
What values enhance creative thinking?
* Courage * Curiosity * Perseverance * Resilience * Empathy * Making ethical choices * Integrity
113
What is the importance of creative thinking?
* Improves collaboration * Promotes resourcefulness * Fosters community responsiveness * Enhances personal accomplishment * Improves problem-solving skills * Develops personality * Boosts confidence * Promotes entrepreneurial skills * Improves productivity and quality of life
114
Define problem-solving.
The process of analyzing and understanding a problem, identifying its cause, and deciding on a solution.
115
What is the Rational problem-solving model?
A systematic approach to addressing challenges by considering facts and following a step-by-step method.
116
List the steps of the rational problem-solving model.
* Identify the problem * Choose a decision style * Develop alternatives * Choose the best solution * Implement solutions * Evaluate the decision
117
What are obstacles to problem-solving in society?
* Lack of information * Inadequate access to tools * Resistance to new ideas * Conflicting interests * Limited time
118
How can one overcome lack of information in problem-solving?
Encourage research and seek expert advice.
119
What should be done if there is inadequate access to necessary tools?
Maximize available resources and improvise using locally available resources.
120
What effective problem-solving skills are important in social interactions?
* Communication * Active listening * Negotiation * Conflict resolution * Decision making * Flexibility * Patience
121
What roles do values play in problem-solving?
They serve as guiding principles that influence ethical considerations and emphasize social responsibilities.
122
Fill in the blank: Creative thinking involves _______ from traditional thought patterns.
[breaking free]
123
True or False: Creative thinking is solely about artistic expression.
False

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