ST6: Sleep

Question 1

defined as unconsciousness from w/c a person can be aroused by sensory or other stimuli

Answer 1

sleep

Question 2

unconsciousness from w/c a person cannot be aroused

Answer 2

coma

Question 3

2 types of sleep

Answer 3

1. rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep)

2. slow-wave sleep or non-REM (NREM) sleep

Question 4

occurs in episodes that occupy about 25% of the sleep time in young adults; each episode normally recurs about every 90 minutes; not so restful, and it is often associated with vivid dreaming

Answer 4

REM sleep

Question 5

deep, restful sleep that the person experiences during the first hour of sleep after having been awake for many hours

Answer 5

NREM sleep

Question 6

type of sleep in w/c the person is not fully aware of his/her surroundings and therefore he/she is truly asleep

Answer 6

REM sleep

Question 7

This sleep is exceedingly restful and is associated with decreases in both peripheral vascular tone and many other vegetative functions of the body. For instance, 10 to 30% decreases occur in BP, RR, and basal metabolic rate.

Answer 7

slow-wave sleep

Question 8

The most conspicuous stimulation area for causing almost natural sleep is the ____.

Answer 8

raphe nuclei in the lower half of the pons and in the medulla

Question 9

transmitter substance associated w/ the production of sleep

Answer 9

serotonin

Question 10

Stimulation of some areas in the ____ can also cause sleep; This nucleus is the termination in the medulla and pons for visceral sensory signals entering by way of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.

Answer 10

nucleus of the tractus solitarius

Question 11

Sleep can be promoted by stimulation of several regions in the diencephalon, including ____

Answer 11

1. rostral part of the hypothalamus, mainly in the suprachiasmal area
2. occasional area in the diffuse nuclei of the thalamus

Question 12

a low-molecular-weight substance that accumulates in the CSF and urine in animals kept awake for several days

Answer 12

muramyl peptide

Question 13

drugs that mimic the action of ____ increase the occurrence of REM sleep

Answer 13

acetylcholine

Question 14

produced by neurons in the hypothalamus that provide excitatory input to many other areas of the brain; most active during waking and almost stop firing during slow wave and REM sleep

Answer 14

orexin (hypocretin)

Question 15

Loss of orexin signaling as a result of defective orexin receptors or destruction of orexin-producing neurons causes ___, a sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep that can occur even when a person is talking or working.

Answer 15

narcolepsy

Question 16

Patients with narcolepsy may also experience a sudden loss of muscle tone (____) that can be partial or even severe enough to cause paralysis during the attack.

Answer 16

cataplexy

Question 17

The intensities of brain waves recorded from the surface of the scalp range from ____, and their frequencies range from once every few seconds to 50 or more per second.

Answer 17

0 to 200 microvolts

Question 18

1. Rhythmical waves that occur at frequencies between 8 and 13 cycles/sec and are found in the EEGs of almost all healthy adults when they are awake and in a quiet, resting state of cerebration.
2. Occur most intensely in the occipital region but can also be recorded from the parietal and frontal regions of the scalp
3. Voltage is usually about 50 microvolts.
4. During deep sleep, the these waves disappear

Answer 18

alpha waves

Question 19

When the awake person’s attention is directed to some specific type of mental activity, the alpha waves are replaced by asynchronous, higher frequency but lower voltage ____

Answer 19

beta waves

Question 20

occur at frequencies greater than 14 cycles/sec and as high as 80 cycles/sec; recorded mainly from the parietal and frontal regions during specific activation of these parts of the brain

Answer 20

beta waves

Question 21

have frequencies between four and seven cycles/sec; occur normally in the parietal and temporal regions in children, but they also occur during emotional stress in some adults, particularly during disappointment and frustration; also occur in many brain disorders, often in degenerative brain states

Answer 21

theta waves

Question 22

include all the waves of the EEG with frequencies less than 3.5 cycles/sec; voltages two to four times greater than most other types of brain waves; occur in very deep sleep, in infancy, and in persons with serious organic brain disease; occur in the cortex of animals that have had subcortical transections in which the cerebral cortex is separated from the thalamus; can occur strictly in the cortex independent of activities in lower regions of the brain

Answer 22

delta waves

Question 23

____ is characterized by high-frequency beta waves, whereas ____ is usually associated with alpha waves

Answer 23

Alert wakefulness

quiet wakefulness

Question 24

temporary disruptions of brain function caused by uncontrolled excessive neuronal activity

Answer 24

seizures

Question 25

chronic condition of recurrent seizures that can also vary from brief and nearly undetectable symptoms to periods of vigorous shaking and convulsions

Answer 25

epilepsy

Question 26

Epileptic seizures can be classi ed into two major types: 1. ____: limited to a focal area of one cerebral hemisphere 2. ____: diffusely involve both hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Answer 26

1. focal seizures (also called partial seizures) | 2. generalized seizures

Question 27

begin in a small localized region of the cerebral cortex or deeper structures of the cerebrum and brain stem and have clinical manifestations that reflect the function of the affected brain area

Answer 27

focal (partial) epileptic seizure