Stage 1 Flashcards

Question

3 versions of Night time

Answer 1

Sunset to Sunrise- position lights required End of evening civil twilight to beginning of civil twilight- 30 minutes after sunset, 30 minutes before sunrise 1hour after sunset to 1hour before sunrise- used for currency and carrying passengers.

Answer 2

Must comply above 3000’ AGL East is odd 1000’s + 500 West is Even 1000’s +500

Answer 3

Pilotage- Knowing where you are by reading a map Dead reckoning- knowing where you are by using time, ground speed, and distance

Answer 4

Current/observed weather updated every 50 minutes past the hour Contains Dewpoint: Point at which the air becomes fully saturated. If dew point/temperature within 2° expect fog.

Answer 5

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast •Forecast valid 24 hours, updated every 6 hours •Only acceptable to use within 5sm of airport If no TAF, use GFA tool

Answer 6

Graphical Forecast Area • available on aviationweather.gov •Use when airport does not have a TAF •Can see cloud coverage, ceiling, winds, storms, etc.

Answer 7

Low IFR- Magenta, less than 500’ AGL, vis less than 1sm IFR-Red, 500-1000 Ceiling AGL, Vis 1-3sm Marginal VFR- Blue, Ceiling 1000-3000’ AGL, Vis 3-5sm VFR- Green, Ceiling greater than 3000’ AGL, Vis greater than 5sm

Answer 8

When lit, indicates either: •IFR weather during the daytime •Nighttime

Answer 9

Forecast wind velocity and direction at various altitudes: •Absence of winds- Airport elevation with 1500’ AGL Absence of Temp- Airport elevation within 2500’ AGL Temps assumed negative above 24k’

Answer 10

•Rotate Clockwise, outward, downward •Poor visibility •Brings higher pressure/density

Answer 11

•Rotate counterclockwise, inward, upward •Good visibility •Includes precipitation because of higher humidity •Lower pressure/density

Answer 12

•Slow moving, so change in weather is gradual. •Stratiform clouds •Poor visibility because air is stable and calm •Steady Precipitation Like a warm fuzzy blanket, it covers whatever weather currently exists.

Answer 13

•Cumulus Clouds •Possible Thunderstorms •Showery Precipitation (in front of the cold front) Think like a snow shovel, it pushes existing weather up. This creates unstable air.

Answer 14

•When a cold and warm front meet and stop movement. •Lingers for a long time

Answer 15

•When a fast-moving cold front catches up to a slow moving warm front. • Classified cold or warm based on what is in contact with the ground, before the warm occlusion begins. Brings unfavorable weather conditions: TCU, light moderate or heavy precipitation, poor visibility in precipitation, rapid temperature drops.

Answer 16

•Air mass thunderstorms (Scattered, Common during summer afternoons) • Severe Thunderstorms (Wind gusts 50+KTSM, hail 3/4 +in, tornadoes) • Single cell- less than 1 hour •Supercell- 2 hours •Multi cell- compact cluster of thunderstorms • Squall lines ( worst of the worst) •Frontal thunderstorms

Answer 17

•Horizontal distance of 1nm or less •Vertical distance of 1000ft or less • No longer than 15 minutes •Downdrafts up to 6000’ ft/min

Answer 18

•Valid for 6hrs • Contains moderate weather conditions 3 types of AIRMETS- •Tango- Turbulence, surface winds greater than 30kts, Low- level wind shear •Sierra- Mountain Obscurations, IFR conditions • Zulu- Freezing, Cannot fly in known icing conditions (91.527)

Answer 19

Clear- •Forms when larger water droplets spread and freeze over a surface. Most dangerous because it’s hard to see and heavy! Rime- •Forms when smaller droplets freeze immediately when contacting aircraft surface. Appears milky white. Mixed- •Mixture of clear and Rime.

Answer 20

Significant Meteorological Information •Valid 4 hours • Will affect safety of all aircraft • Severe or greater turbulence •Severe or greater icing • Dust or Sandstorms •Volcanic Ash •Hurricanes

Answer 21

SIGMET related to convective activity •Valid for 2 hours •Thunderstorms • Winds greater than 50kts •Hail greater than 3/4in diameter •Tornadoes

Answer 22

•Moisture •Uplifting action •Unstable air (Normal temp decrease 2° Celsius per 1000’, Unstable is 3° per 1000’)

Answer 23

•Cumulus- Large updrafts, Clouds are building in form and height •Mature- Most dangerous, Both Up/Downdrafts, Extreme Precipitation, Lightning •Dissipating- Mostly downdrafts, Contains possible microburst, storm weakens in intensity

Answer 24

• Humidity- moisture content in the air •Relative Humidity- actual amount of moisture in the air compared to the total amount that could be present at that temperature

Answer 25

•Low •Middle •High • Clouds with vertical development

Answer 26

•Stratus- Sheet-like •Cumulus- Puffy •Cirrus- Wispy •Nimbus- Rain

Answer 27

Above 20,000ft AGL •Cirrus •Cirrostratus •Cirrocumulus

Answer 28

•Aviationweather.gov •1800wxbrief.com •ForeFlight •Weather Channel •Look outside

Answer 29

•ATIS/AWOS/ASOS •ADSB-In, XM Radio •FSS •ATC workload permitting •Phone with cell service in emergency situations

Answer 30

Reported by pilots Must include: Location Altitude Time which experienced Aircraft type If turbulence report gain or loss in airspeed

Answer 31

Range- Down Fuel Burn- Up Airspeed- Down Stall Recovery- Up Landing flare- Down Stability- Up

Answer 32

Range- Down Fuel Burn- Up Airspeed- Down Stall recovery- Up Landing flare- Down Stability- Up

Answer 33

At Sea level: •Standard Pressure 29.92 in Hg •Standard temperature 15°C/59°F

Answer 34

•12500’- 14000’ for 30 minutes required crew on oxygen •14001’- required crew immediately on oxygen • 15001’- each occupant is provided with oxygen

Answer 35

•Allows high altitude operations due to loss in pressure and protects occupants against effect of hypoxia.

Answer 36

•Pressurization is obtained from a turbocharger or turbine engine. •Typically maintains a pressure altitude of 8,000’ at maximum cruising altitude

Answer 37

Insufficient supply of oxygen to the blood cells.

Answer 38

Insufficient supply of 02 to the body as a whole. As altitude increases, O2 percentage of the atmosphere is constant, but it’s pressure decreases. The reduced pressure becomes insufficient for the 02 molecules to pass through the respiratory a systems membranes.

Answer 39

Inability of the body cells to affectively use the O2 supplied by the blood. This can be caused by use of alcohol or drugs.

Answer 40

Inability of the blood to carry the 02 molecules. It may be result of insufficient blood (bleeding or blood donation), anemia or CO poisoning.

Answer 41

Caused by the blood not flowing efficiently. Can be caused by heart problems, excessive acceleration (G’s), shock or a constricted blood vessel. Cold temperatures can restrict circulation and decrease blood supplied to the extremities.

Answer 42

A condition which occurs when excessive amount of CO2 is eliminated from the body as a result of breathing too rapidly. Symptoms may be similar to those of hypoxia. Talking aloud, slowing breathing rate, providing an explanation as to why something happened to ease their mind.

Answer 43

Inert Gasses (mainly nitrogen) are released rapidly from solution in the body tissues and fluids as a result of low barometric pressure. The gasses form bubbles that may harm the body in several ways. The most common result of decompression sickness is joint pain “the bends.”

Answer 44

•Air pressure in the middle ear and sinuses normally equalizes with external air through the nasal passages. • Allergies, colds or sinus infections may block these small openings and prevent the pressure from equalizing. •If the air gets trapped, it may cause pain, reduction in hearing or damage to the ear drums. This effect is usually most severe during descent.

Answer 45

Wait at least 12 hours after diving that does not require a controlled ascent for flights up to 8000 ft. Wait at least 24 for flights above 8000ft or after any diving that required a controlled ascent.

Answer 46

The leans Coriolis Illusion Graveyard Spiral Somatogravic illusion Inversion Illusion Elevator illusion

Answer 47

After leveling the wings following a prolonged turn, a pilot may feel that the aircraft is banked in the opposite direction of the turn.

Answer 48

After a prolonged turn, the fluid in the ear canal moves at the same speed as the turn. A head movement on a different plane will cause the fluid to start moving and result in a false sensation of acceleration or turning on a different axis.

Answer 49

A pilot in a prolonged, coordinate constant-rate turn may experience the illusion of not turning. After leveling the wings, the pilot may feel the sensation of turning to the other direction, causing the pilot to turn back in the original direction. Since a higher angle of attack is required during a turn to remain level, the pilot may notice a loss of altitude and apply back force on the elevator. This may tighten the spiral and increase the loss of altitude.

Answer 50

Rapid acceleration stimulates the inner ear otolith organs in the same way as tilting the head backwards. This may cause the illusion of a higher pitch angle. Deceleration causes the opposite illusion- the sensation of tilting the head forward and the aircraft being in a nose-low attitude.

Answer 51

An abrupt change from climb to straight and level may create the illusion of tumbling backwards due to the fluid movement in the otolith organs.

Answer 52

An abrupt upward vertical acceleration may create the illusion of climbing, due to fluid movement in the otolith organs.

Answer 53

•Day- Origin to Destination + 30 min at cruise operation •Night- Origin to Destination + 45 min at cruise operation School Policy: Day/Night Origin to Destination + 1 hour at normal cruise

Answer 54

Uses satellites to triangulate position and altitude in Space- • 24 satellites in constellation •3 satellites required to provide lateral information (2D) •4 satellites required to provide altitude information (3D) Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)- • 5 + baroaided VNAV or 6 satellites required to ensure reliable information is being received • With bad satellite information, RAIM will annunciate integrity has been compromised and take that satellite offline Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)- • Signals from satellites are monitored by ground based stations • Ground based stations correct signals for the following errors: Clock errors, Position errors • Ground station send correction data to master station • Master station computes the correction data and prepares a correction message. •New message is sent to a geostationary satellite (GEO) GEO broadcasts to WAAS receiver on aircraft.

Answer 55

•Short range radio navigation equipment used to determine relative position and bearing from VOR Receiver Checks- • Required every 30 days VOR Test Facility (VOT)- • Frequency 108.0 MHz • 0 degrees FROM/ 180 degrees TO Ground Tolerances- • +- 4 degrees Air tolerances- • +- 6 degrees Dual VOR Check- • +- 4 degrees

Answer 56

•Uses slant range (line of sight) to determine distance Most inaccurate when directly over VOR/DME- • Negligible for every 1 mile away and 1000’ high More accurate when further away and lower

Answer 57

Variation- Isogonic lines on sectional depict difference between true north and magnetic north Deviation- Electronic equipment interfere with compass to provide inaccurate readings Magnetic Dip- As a compass approaches magnetic poles, compass wants to dip towards the ground Oscillation- Mixture of all errors Northerly Turning Errors (UNOS)- •Undershoot North •Overshoot South A result of magnetic dip: Compass is a magnet, it’s attracted to and wants to stay with the other magnet (pole). Start rollout at 1/2 latitude + 15 degrees. Acceleration Errors (ANDS)- •Acceleration North •Decelerate South A result of magnetic dip, compass is a magnet it’s attracted to and wants to stay with the other magnet (pole).

Answer 58

•Selective in who is served • Not willing to fly just anyone • Generally a long-term service •Does not hold out to all customers • If in doubt contact the FSDO

Answer 59

•Flight Instruction •Nonstop sightseeing flights •Ferry or training flights •Crop Dusting, seeding, spraying, bird chasing •Banner towing •Aerial photography or survey •Firefighting •Repair work •Power line or pipeline patrol

Answer 60

•Refers to the carriage of passengers or cargo as a result of advertising the availability of the carriage to the public.

Answer 61

•A holding out or willingness to •Transport persons or property •From place to place •For compensation

Answer 62

Advertising • implies offering to the public, the carriage of persons and property for hire • Can be done using signs and advertising, agencies, reputation •A carrier holding one’s self out as generally willing to carry only kinds of traffic is nevertheless a common carrier

Answer 63

• 110.2 any leasing arrangement whereby a person agrees to provide an entire aircraft and at least one crew member. • The airplane and pilot are coming from the same source. • Requires an operator certificate from part 91k, 135 or 121.

Answer 64

•Leasing of an aircraft without the crew is considered to be a dry lease. • Typically, the lessee exercises operational control of the aircraft. • This is allowed WITHOUT an operators certificate. •Permitted to operate under part 91, not required to comply with 121/135 operations.

Answer 65

•Flaps •Controllable pitch prop •Retractable landing gear •Requires ground and flight training

Answer 66

•Greater than 200hp per engine • Requires ground and flight training

Answer 67

•Wheel supporting the tail of the aircraft •Requires only flight training

Answer 68

•Allow operation of pressurized aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude above 25,000’ MSL •Requires ground and flight training

Answer 69

•Simple oronasal design that covers the users mouth and nose, for crew it is equipped with a microphone. •A passenger mask may be a simple, cup-shaped rubber molding sufficiently flexible to obviate individual fitting.

Answer 70

•Plastic tubing that runs under the nose to administer oxygen to the user •Many cannulas have a flow meter in the oxygen supply, that should be scanned periodically by the pilot. •Current regulations require aircraft with oxygen systems installed and certified for operations above 18,000’ to be equipped with oxygen masks.

Answer 71

•Supplies oxygen only when the user inhaled through the mask. •Automix lever allows the regulators to automatically mix cabin air and oxygen or supply 100% oxygen, depending on altitude. •can be used safely up to 40,000’

Answer 72

•Similar to D-DO equipment, except oxygen is supplied to the mask under pressure at cabin altitude above 34,000’. •Provide airtight oxygen seals, but also provide a positive pressure application of oxygen to the mask face piece, that allows the users lungs to be pressurized w/ O2. • The mask regulator eliminates the hose to be purged of air before 100% oxygen begins flowing.

Answer 73

•Usually provided for passengers •Has a reservoir bag that collects oxygen from the continuous-flow oxygen system during the time when the mask user is exhaling. •Allows a higher aspirating flow rate during the inhalation cycle, reduces air dilution •Ambient air is added to the supplied O2 during inhalation after the reservoir bag oxygen is depleted. •Exhaled air is released to the cabin.

Answer 74

•Deliver oxygen by detecting an individuals inhalation effort and provide oxygen flow during the initial portion of inhalation. •Do not waste oxygen during the breathing cycle because oxygen is only delivered during inhalation. •Can reduce the amount of oxygen needed by 50-85%. •Incorporate internal barometer that automatically compensated for changes in altitude by increasing the amount of oxygen delivered for each pulse as altitude is increased.

Answer 75

•Measures the amount of oxygen in an individuals blood, and heart rate. •Measures the color changes that red blood cells undergo when they become saturated with 02. •Transmits a special light beam through a fingertip to evaluate the color of red cells. •Can calculate the degree of oxygen saturation within 1% of directly measured blood oxygen. •Useful for pilots operating in non-pressurized aircraft above 12500’, where supplemental 02 is required.

Answer 76

•Air flows parallel at altitudes 2k-3k’ AGL. •Air flows more perpendicular to isobars at altitudes closer to the ground, due to friction with the surface.

Answer 77

•Allow the pilot to set appropriate power settings for the desired phase of flight. •Pilots selects the desired RPM settings. •Controls the pitch of the propeller blade.

Answer 78

•Increased Pitch: - Higher AoA= more thrust - More torque is required, as a result engine RPM decreases. •Decreased Pitch -Less torque required -Engine RPM increases

Answer 79

•Takeoff: -Low pitch -High RPM for maximum power settings •Cruise: -High Pitch -Low RPM for increased fuel efficiency

Answer 80

Maintains desired RPM setting by using flyweights

Answer 81

•Regulates set RPM setting by taking advantage of centrifugal force. • Underspeed (RPM too slow): - If you don’t touch controls in a climb: Engine will want to slow down, so flyweights move inward, decreasing oil pressure because oil flows out of the propeller hub, decreasing pitch. -As pitch decreases, engine is able to speed up again. •Overspeed (RPM is too fast) -If you don’t touch controls in a descent: Engine will want to speed up, so fly weights move outward, increasing oil pressure, and increasing the pitch. -As pitch increases, engine is able to slow down and become more efficient.

Answer 82

•Controlled hydraulically using engine oil and a piston. • For a single engine: Spring pushes on piston to lower pitch in case of loss of oil pressure, giving max power as fail safe.

Answer 83

•If we don’t touch throttle, our engine RPM will slow down in a climb and speed up in a descent.

Stage 1 Flashcards

(108 cards)