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STAGE 2 Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is are the vectors of 2D motion?

A

There are two vectors of 2D motion: the vertical and horizontal.

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2
Q

What influences the vertical vector of motion in an isolated system?

A

Vertical vector is influenced by gravitational force in an isolated system.

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3
Q

Draw a parabolic motion with 3 points: a pre-zenith, a zenith and a post zenith. Now draw both vertical and horizontal velocities.

A

Page 5 of Text Book

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4
Q

At what angle is a projectile travelling at optimal levels?

A

45

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5
Q

What is drag force?

A

A drag force is the unbalanced force that acts to oppose the motion of an object as it moves through a medium such as air or water.

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6
Q

What is momentum?

A

Momentum is defined as the product of an object’s mass and velocity?

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7
Q

What is Newton’s second law?

A

F=ma

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8
Q

Derive F=p/t using Newton’s second law.

A

Page 33 of Text Book

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9
Q

Show why photons with momentum P allow a solar sail to move faster when they are reflected rather then absorbed.

A

Page 40

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10
Q

What provides centripetal acceleration?

A

Other forces

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11
Q

Derive v= 2Pir/T

A

Page 57

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12
Q

Draw the banked curve car with forces.

A

Page 61

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13
Q

Derive tanTheta= v^2/rg

A

Page 61

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14
Q

Describe Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation?

A

The gravitational force of attraction between any two masses is directly proportional to the product pf the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres

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15
Q

What types of satellite orbits are there?

A

Polar, equatorial and geostationary.

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16
Q

What is Kepler’s first law?

A

All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.

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17
Q

What is Kepler’s second law?

A

A line drawn from the Sun to a planet sweeps equal areas in equal time intervals.

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18
Q

What is Kepler’s third law?

A

The period of any satellite depends upon the radius of it’s orbit. The preiod of revolution of a satelite squared is proportional to the radius of orbit cubed.

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19
Q

Derive T^2=4*pi^2/GM * r^3

A

Page 70

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20
Q

What is a geostationary satellite used for?

A

Communication

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21
Q

What is a polar satellite used for?

A

Surveillance

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22
Q

What is the inertial frame of reference?

A

An inertial frame of reference is one in which Newton’s laws of motion apply. An inertial frame is therefore either stationary or moving with a constant velocity.

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23
Q

Draw a Lorentz factor over speed of light graph.

A

Page 98

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24
Q

Explain the twin paradox-time dilation and the implications for long-distance space travel.

A

Page 99

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25
What are the postulates or assumptions of The Theory of Special Relativity?
1. The speed of light in a vacuum is an absolute constant. | 2. The laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames.
26
What is an electric field?
An electric field is an area upon which a force acts which is generated by a charged particle
27
Describe Coulomb's Law?
The electric force of attraction or repulsion between two charged objects is directly proportional to the product of the two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.
28
Draw a finite parallel plate with a negative charge at the top and a positive charge at the bottom.
Page 118
29
Draw negative charge with the corresponding electric field.
Page 118
30
Draw two positive charges and the interaction between their electric fields
Page 118
31
Draw a pear shaped positive hollow conductor.
Page 124
32
Describe a photocopier.
Page 127
33
Describe how motion of charged particles in the electric fields is similar to 2D projectile motion?
1. Parabolic motion. | 2. Constant influence by an external force.
34
Use the right hand grip rule on a cross and a circle and draw the magnetic lines.
Page 166
35
Use the right hand grip rule on a dot and a circle and draw the magnetic lines.
Page 166
36
What is a solenoid?
A solenoid is a hollow cylinder with a wire coiled around it.
37
Draw a magnetic flied through a solenoid with North on the left and South on the right.
Page 168
38
What are motions of charged particles in a magnetic field similar to?
Circular motion
39
Use forces in order to derive r=mv/qB
Page 187
40
Describe a cyclotron.
Page 190
41
Derive r^2q^2B^2/2m
Page 193
42
What is a magnetic flux?
Magnetic flux is a measure of the number of magnetic field lines passing through an area.
43
What does Faraday's Law states?
Faraday's Law states that the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
44
What does Lenz's Law state?
The induced emf produces a current that flows to produce a magnetic force that opposes the movement that created change in magnetic flux.
45
What is an eddy current?
An eddy current is the current induced in little swirls on a large solid conductor due to a changing magnetic field.
46
What does a generator use for electricity production?
A genertor uses fixed magnet to generate emfs in rotating conducting loops for electricity production. A generator therefore converts rotational mechanical energy into electrical energy
47
What are transformers used for?
Transformers allow generated voltages to be either increased or decreased before they are used.
48
Draw an EM wave?
Page 232
49
Why do orientation of city and country antennas differ?
In order to reduce interference between city and country channels the orientations of antennas is different.
50
What is a coherent light source?
A coherent light source is a source of electromagnetic waves that maintain a constant phase relationship with each other.
51
Show derivation of dsinTheta formulas
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52
Why was the theory of photons introduced?
As there were experiments that could not explain the behaviour of light with a previous wave theory.
53
What was Einstein's explanation of a particle like light behaviour?
Einstein was able to use the concept of photons and the law of conservation of energy to explain the experimental observations of photoelectric effect. His explanation was based on the assumption that only one electron in the metal surface can absorb the energy of one photon.
54
What is a work function?
The work function, W, is defined as the minimum amount of energy needed to emit an electron from the surface of a material.
55
What is light intensity?
Light intensity is a process by which the number of photons released by a light source increases.
56
What is a corona effect?
Corona effect is when air particles around areas with high electric field get in contact with the surface of high electric field and share a charge. The similar charge causes the air particles to repel from the surface of a conductor and collide with other air particles, and share a charge. Due to high density of air particles there will be many collisions thus air will be ionised.
57
What is terminal velocity?
Terminal velocity is an event when the magnitude of the drag force results in zero net force on the moving body.
58
Why the centres of the circular orbits of Earth satellites must coincide with the centre of the Earth?
As gravitational force provides centripetal force, the object orbiting the earth needs to be parallel to the centre of the Earth,
59
Derive v= root of (GM/r)
Page 68
60
Is there a charge in hollow conductor?
No, providing there is not charge in the cavity.
61
Draw an electric field produced by a hollow conductor of your chosen charge.
A hollow sphere with tangent arrows must be draw and labelled appropriately.
62
What do electric fields store?
Electric fields store electric potential energy.
63
Derive a=qE/m
Page 143
64
Explain why the ions do not gain kinetic energy when inside the dees.
Magnetic field within the dees does not speed up the particle, rather just makes them move with a constant velocity in a circular path, thus does not pass energy to a particle.
65
What are magnetic fields associated with?
Magnetic fields are associated with moving charges in an electric current.
66
Using your right hand, identify each component of the FBI rule and FBV rule
Page 183 and 185
67
Derive T= 2Pim/qB
Page 193
68
What does emf stand for?
Electromotive force
69
What is the induced emf equation for N number of loops in a solenoid?
NФ/t
70
What is an electromagnetic wave?
It is a transverse wave made up of mutually perpendicular, oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
71
What is the formula that allows to determine the velocity of a wave?
v = f Lambda
72
What is a monochromatic light source?
Monochromatic light is a light composed of a single frequency. Most light sources emit waves that radiate in all directions away from the source.
73
Why light from an incandescent source is neither coherent nor monochromatic?
Due to the fact incandescent light sources produce electromagnetic waves of different frequencies and direction. Thus can not be monochromatic.
74
What is a representation of the path difference of constructive interference?
m Lambda
75
What is a representation of the path difference of destructive interference?
(m+0.5)lambda
76
What is the photoelectric effect?
When light of sufficiently high frequency is incident on matter, it may be absorbed by the matter, from which electrons are then emitted. This is called the 'photoelectric effect'.
77
Deduce formula Ekmax = hf-W
page 270
78
What are the three main features of a spectrum that X-ray produces?
1. A continuous range of frequencies. 2. A maximum frequency. 3. High-intensity peaks
79
How does Davisson-Germer experiment confirm that particles can have wave like behaviours?
Davisson-Germer experiment stated that particles can be diffracted trhough a nickle crystal and that using de Broglies wave length formula, accurate wavelength can be determined thus confirming that particles can behave as waves.
80
How can an emission spectrum can be observed?
A spectrometer is situated at a heated gas. As gas cools it releases photons.
81
How can an absorption spectrum can be observed?
A light can be shined through a gas and a spectrometer on the other side could record the colours that pass through and absorption lines can occur.
82
How can electrons be excited to high energy states?
By use of electrons or photons.
83
What is the ionisation energy?
The ionisation energy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron in its ground state.
84
What are fluorescence?
Fluorescence is the process where an atom absorbs a photon to reach an excited state, but then reverts to the ground state emitting two or more photons with lower energy and longer wavelength.
85
What are the three fundamental particles?
Bosons, leptons and quarks.
86
What are the fundamental forces?
Electromagnetic, weak nuclear, strong nuclear and gravitational.
87
What are baryons?
Baryons are particles made out of 3 quarks.
88
Derive fmax = eV/h
Page 277

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