Stages of Child Development Flashcards

Question

Accomodation

Answer 1

Altering body of knowledge to include new knowledge that is inconsistent with what is already known

Answer 2

Balance between applying previous new knowledge and accounting for new knowledge

Answer 3

Always occur in same order Children build upon proceeding stage Sensorimotor --> pre-operational --> concrete operational --> formal operational

Answer 4

Birth to 2 years Infants explore world through their senses and applying their developing motor skills Imitate actions they have seen others perform - pretend to feed a toy Use words to represent objects Object permanence - understanding objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen

Answer 5

Birth - 1 month: inborn survival reflexes (gasping and sucking) Initially look at visual stimuli and turn heads towards a noise, but not interested in object itself 3 months: begin to follow moving objects with eyes 6 months: can grasp and hold objects 12 months: explore objects

Answer 6

understanding objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen A) Will not look for it B) Will search in limited way - eyes in direction last seen C) Search for hidden object - but only where they have seen it to be hidden D) Search in other places

Answer 7

2 to 7 years Rapid development of language Egocentrism - others see the world as they do -development of symbolism to make sense of the world e.g. respresent horse by making galloping movements

Answer 8

7 to 12 years Logical reasoning - real world objects or events Cause-and-effect Empathise with others Understanding that the physical properties of objects stay the same even though the appearance might change (can't do with hypothetical objects) -if you pour water from one shape glass into another, is it still the same amount of water?

Answer 9

>12 years Need exposure to principles of scientific thinking to reach this stage Abstract reasoning Hypothetico-deductive reasoning for complex problem solving

Answer 10

Think and reason about hypothetical objects or events (take a mental representation and reason about them)

Answer 11

Young people believe others are as preoccupied with their appearance and actions as they are themselves Construct and react to 'imaginary audience' where they are centre and focus of attention 'Audience' may also contribute to feelings of self-consciousness Believe in uniqueness of own feelings and own immortality (personal fable)

Answer 12

Observations based on a few children If a child is observed not completing a test, does that mean they are cognitively not capable of it? Is learning really this orderly? Underestimates children Social and cultural effect (Vygotsky's theory)

Answer 13

Zone of proximal development | Child learns tasks that are too difficult to manage alone from interactions with another person

Answer 14

ID Superego Ego

Answer 15

Contains drives/ needs No conscious mental processes Babies/ infants are governed by the ID Works on pleasure principle (maximum amount of pleasure/ void pain)

Answer 16

Develops from 4 years Contains moral lessons have learned Duty, obligation and conscience

Answer 17

Mediator (police) between ID and Superego Rational and logical Negotiating more effective way of meeting drives/ needs than 'I want'

Answer 18

``` Erik Erikson (1902-1994) American psychoanalyst Theories on how we interact with others 8 stages (5 in childhood/ adolescence) Two options for each stage - success or failure ```

Answer 19

Trust vs mistrust - birth to 1 year Autonomy vs shame and doubt - 1 to 3 years Initiative vs guilt - 3 to 6 years Industry vs inferiority - 6 to 12 years Identity vs role confusion - 12 to 18 years

Answer 20

``` Disabilities - learning/ physical Psychological variables -intelligence -coping strategies -learned behaviour Family factors - parenting styles ```

Answer 21

``` Normal developmental stage (attachment) Lack of strong attachment during infancy can lead to emotional disturbance 6-18 months (can last til 5yo) Fear of strangers Comforted by being in parents arms ```

Answer 22

Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Neglectful/ rejecting

Answer 23

Highly controlling, strict and punitive (because I said so..) Do not allow their child to disagree with their decisions Leads to anxiety, poor communication skills

Answer 24

Clear and realistic expectations for behaviour Set high standards for behaviour and encourage children to be indipendent Lead to children with high self-esteem and self competent

Answer 25

Responsive Makes few demands on behaviour and sets few guidelines Avoid confrontation Lead to children who experience problems with authority and lack self-control

Answer 26

Uninvolved in child's life | Impacts on self-esteem

Answer 27

Parents not always helpful Maternal dental anxiety can > child dental anxiety (child < 8yo) Highly anxious children are able to co-operate better when parents remain in waiting room Generally, children and parents comforted by each others presence

Answer 28

Generally considered pre-cooperative for dental treatment Communication skills limited so common response of upset is to cry Do not separate from parent - examine on parent's lap Keep apt times short

Answer 29

``` Considered potentially co-operative Gain attention with lots of distraction Let them 'help you' where possible Use appropriate language (childrenese) Short attention span so work steadily and avoid pauses ```

Answer 30

Usually have sufficient co-ordination to brush their own teeth and can follow 'rules' about oral care Try to involve children in what you're doing Respond well to positive reinforcement Use appropriate language and simple explanations, and encourage questions 75% 8-13 yos felt old enough to understand treatment and believe their views should be heard

Answer 31

Understanding of pain/ LA varies with age/ cognitive development Abstract concept Young child would not understand cause and effect (blame the dentist) Dentist must make sure as pain-free as possible

Answer 32

Develop adult concept of health Supported to make own health care decisions May be motivated by concerns about attractiveness May be easily embarrassed and sensitive to criticism Seen without parents?

Answer 33

``` Lifelong developmental disability Unknown aetiology Presents in childhood Spectrum - autism, pervasive development disorder, and Asperger syndrome 1:100 children in UK More males (x4_ All cultural backgrounds ```

Answer 34

Difficulties communicating with others (expressive language), understanding what is being said to them (receptive language) and non-verbal communication Language skills vary (speech delay/ loss of speech) Very literal understanding of language Difficulties understanding jokes, sarcasm and metaphors Difficulties with give-and-take (reciprocal) of conversation (talk at length about own interests/ repeat what was said)

Answer 35

Difficulty recognising or understanding emotions or feelings in others (and expressing their own) Do not understand unwritten social rules Lack of eye contact and social smiling Reduced social play with others and plays on own Difficulties in engaging in imaginative play and activities (but not unimaginative)

Answer 36

Strong preferences for familiar routines and things being 'just right' Dislike of change, which often leads to anxiety or other forms of distress A strong adherence to rules or fairness that leads to argument Highly specific interests or hobbies Repetitive movements such as hand flapping/ rocking Repetitive play such as opening and closing doors

Answer 37

Difficulties processing sensory information (including sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell) Learning difficulties

Answer 38

Change of routine New social situation (communication/ interaction) Difficulties processing sensory information (sensory overload) Can manifest as behavioural difficulties

Answer 39

Minimise waiting times Simple language, short sentences and direct requests (say child's name first). No metaphors, jokes and sarcasm If verbal communication difficult consider visual supports (Widgets) Modify environment if causing distress Positive reinforcement Stay calm and relaxed at all times