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Histopathology > STAINING > Flashcards

STAINING Flashcards

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1
Q

dye that are obtained from plants and animals

A

natural dyes

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2
Q

natural dye example

A

hematoxylin

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3
Q

hematoxylin tree source

A

heartwood (Haematoxylum campechianum)

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4
Q

active coloring substance of the hematoxylin, ripened/oxidized

A

hematein

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5
Q

what is needed to stain tissues with hematein?

A

mordant

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6
Q

stain + mordant + tissues =

A

dye lake

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7
Q

dye extracted from female cochineal bug (Coccus cacti)

A

cochineal dye

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8
Q

cochineal dye + alum

A

carmine stain (chromatin stain)

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9
Q

used for neuropathological studies

A

picrocarmine (carmine + picric acid)

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10
Q

used for demonstration of mucins and Cryptococcus neoformans

A

mucicarmine (carmine + alum hydroxide)

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11
Q

used for demonstration of glycogen

A

best’s carmine (carmine + aluminum chloride)

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12
Q

also known as coal tar dyes, derived from benzene

A

synthetic dyes

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13
Q

synthetic dyes are collectively known as

A

aniline dyes

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14
Q

benzene + chromphore

A

chromogen (temporary until auxochrome)

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15
Q

chromogen + auxochrome

A

dye

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16
Q

function of auxochrome

A

responsible for dyeing property

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17
Q

function of chromophore

A

responsible for coloring property

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18
Q

dye modifier groups:

A

ethyl groups
methyl groups
sulphonic groups

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19
Q

chromophore groups:

A

quinoid ring
azo groups
xanthene
quinone-imine group

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20
Q

auxochrome groups:

A

cationic auxochrome: amino

anionic auxochrome: hydroxyl and carboxyl

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21
Q

dye to tissue mechanisms:

majority of tissue-dye reactions

A

electrostatic

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22
Q

stains that use electrostatic:

A

neutral red

light green

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23
Q

stains that use hydrogen bonding:

A

congo red, carmine, weigert-type resorcinol dye

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24
Q

gold standard for amyloid demonstration

A

congo red

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25
stains that use van der waals forces:
alum hematoxylin solutions
26
stains that use physical staining:
sudan dyes
27
property of tissues to be stained with fat or oil-soluble dyes, regardless of the type of dye used, due to their essential lipid nature
sudanophilia
28
stains that use natural affinity:
janus green
29
methods of staining: accdg to presence of mordant gives color to the sections by using simple aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions
direct staining
30
direct staining example:
methylene blue
31
methods of staining: accdg to presence of mordant action of dye is intensified by using mordant
indirect staining
32
indirect staining example:
hematoxylin
33
methods of staining: accdg to the presence of a differentiator/decolorizer when dye is taken up by the tissue, it is not decolorized
progressive section H and E on frozen sections
34
methods of staining: accdg to the presence of a differentiator/decolorizer requires differentiator, tissue is first overstained, then excess stain is removed from unwanted parts of the tissue
regressive staining H and E on routine tissue staining
35
if primary stain is basic, the differentiator should be:
acidic differentiator
36
if primary stain is acidic, the differentiator should be:
alkaline differentiator
37
methods of staining: accdg to the resultant color of the tissue color of the dye = color of the tissue
orthochromatic staining
38
methods of staining: accdg to the resultant color of the tissue color of the dye =/= color of the tissue
metachromatic staining
39
methods of staining: selective staining of living cell constituents
vital staining
40
injection of the dye into any part of the animal body
intravital staining
41
intravital staining example
lithium, carmine, india ink
42
staining of living cells immediately after removal from the body
supravital staining
43
supravital staining example
- neutral red (best vital dye) - janus green (mitochrondria) - trypan blue - nile blue - toluidine blue - thionine
44
most widely used histological stain
hematoxylin and eosin
45
hematoxylin purpose in H and E
- basic stain - primary stain - nuclear stain
46
first person to use hematoxylin in histology
waldeyer (1862)
47
useful for general purpose hematoxylin
harris hematoxylin
48
alum hematoxylin: harris hematoxylin ripening agent:
mercuric oxide
49
alum hematoxylin: ehrlich's ripening agent:
sodium iodate or natural ripening
50
iron salts are used as oxidizing agents and mordant
iron hematoxylins
51
____ can demonstrate connective tissue elements and Entamoeba histolytica, but it needs ____
weigerts, van Gieson's stain
52
stand alone stain that can demonstrate collagen
van gieson's stain
53
standard iron hematoxylin stain
weigert's
54
weigert's ripening agent:
ferric chloride
55
heidenhain's ripening agent:
ferric ammonium sulfate
56
hematoxylin used for mitochondria, muscle striations, chromatin, and myelin
heidenhain's
57
hematoxylin used for staining elastic fibers
verhoeff
58
hematoxylin used for staining myelin
loyez
59
hematoxylin used for demonstration of muscle striations, fibrin, glial fibers
tungsten hematoxylin
60
ripening method for tungsten hematoxylin:
stand in the light for several weeks or use
61
tungsten hematoxylin example:
mallory's PTAH
62
hematoxylin used for study of spermatogenesis
copper hematoxylins
63
hematoxylin used to stain collagen and endocrine cell granules
molybdenum hematoxylin
64
hematoxylin used to stain endocrine cell granules
lead hematoxylin: | solcia hematoxylin
65
eosin purpose in H and E
- acidic stain - secondary stain - counterstain - cytoplasmic stain
66
eosin three forms:
eosin Y eosin B eosin S
67
most commonly used eosin form
eosin Y (yellowish)
68
eosin form that has deeper red color
eosin B (bluish)
69
H and E staining steps
1. xylene (2 changes) 2. descending grades of alcohol 3. water (rehydration) 4. stain with hematoxylin (primary stain, blue nucleus) 5. wash 6. acid alcohol (differentiator, remove color, red nucleus) 7. ammonia water (blueing, blue nucleus) 8. wash 9. stain with eosin y (secondary stain, pink cytoplasm) 10. ascending grade of alcohol (dehydration) 11. xylene (clearing) 12. mount then label
70
when is the best time to remove pigments
removal of pigment is done after rehydration and right before primary staining
71
staining of choice for exfoliative cytology
Papanicolaou staining
72
3 stains of papanicolaou staining
OG-6, EA 36/50, harris hematoxylin
73
purpose of harris hematoxylin in papanicolaou staining
nuclear stain
74
purpose of OG-6 in papanicolaou staining
cytoplasmic stain (orange green) for mature, superficial cells)
75
purpose of EA 36 or EA 50 in papanicolaou staining
cytoplasmic stain (eosin azure) for intermediate cells and parabasal cells
76
components of EA 36/50
light green SF eosin Y bismarck brown
77
other stains: for demonstration of spirochetes
warthin-starry method
78
other stains: for demonstration of hepatitis B surface antigen
orcein method
79
other stains: most reliable and specific histochemical technique for DNA
feulgen technique

Histopathology (11 decks)

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