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Histopath Midterms > STAINING > Flashcards

STAINING Flashcards

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1
Q

a routine staining procedure used to stain tissue to reveal the cell types and structures (nucleus, cytoplasm and cell organelle) as well presence of microorganism specially bacteria.

A

H and E stain (Hematoxylin and Eosin)

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2
Q

stains used other H and E, this reveals particular tissue structure elements or microorganism.

A

Special stains-

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3
Q

The process of applying colored dyes on a section to study the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of the cell as well its chemical components.

A

STAINING

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4
Q

stains used to identify proteins and DNA/RNA sequence

A

Advance stains-

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5
Q

demonstrate the specific constituents of tissue thru chemical reactions.

A

Histochemical staining

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5
Q

Classification of staining

A

Histological staining
Histochemical staining
Immunohistochemical staining

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5
Q

demonstrate the general appearance of cells and tissues by staining its nucleus and cytoplasm.

A

Histological staining

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6
Q

Example of Histological Staining

A

H and E stain

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7
Q

it permits the microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance.

A

Histochemical staining

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7
Q

Example of Histochemical staining

A

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS)

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8
Q

Combination of immunological and histochemical stain.

A

Immunohistochemical staining

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8
Q

Stain used to demonstrate carbohydrates

A

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS)

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9
Q

It uses monoclonal and polyclonal enzyme-labeled antibodies.

A

Immunohistochemical staining

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9
Q

Method of staining

A

Direct staining
Indirect staining
Progressive staining
Regressive staining
Metallic staining
Counter staining
Vital staining

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10
Q

Application of simple dye to stain the tissue in varying shades of colors.

A

DIRECT STAINING

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10
Q

Example of DIRECT STAINING

A

Methylene Blue

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11
Q

use of MORDANT to facilitate a particular staining method.

A

INDIRECT STAINING

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12
Q

Example of MORDANT INDIRECT STAINING

A

aluminum hematoxylin and iron hematoxylin

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13
Q

the use of ACCENTUATOR to improve either the selectivity or the intensity of stain

A

INDIRECT STAINING

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14
Q

serves as linked or bridge between dye and tissue

A

Mordant

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14
Q

accelerates the speed of staining reaction.

A

Accentuator

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15
Q

Example of ACCENTUATOR INDIRECT STAINING

A

E.g. Carbol fuchsin.

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16
Q

Stain applied to the tissue in strict sequence and for specific times. The stain is not washed out or decolorized because there is no overstaining of tissue constituents

A

PROGRESSIVE STAINING

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17
Q

Example of Progressive Stain

A

H and E stain for frozen section

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18
Tissue is first overstained and then the excess stain is removed by decolorizer.
REGRESSIVE STAINING
18
stains that differentiate particular tissue components by staining them a different color to that of original dye.
METACHROMATIC STAINING
18
Example of METACHROMATIC STAINING
Bismarck brown
18
Example of REGRESSIVE STAINING
H and E stain
19
is the removal of washing out of the excess stain until the color is retained only in the tissue components to be
DIFFERENTIATION (DECOLORIZATION)
20
Example of COUNTER STAINING
Hematoxylin (nuclear stain) and Eosin Y (cytoplasmic stain).
20
Metachromatic staining phenomenon is known as
Metachromasia
21
The phenomenon is known as metachromasia.
METACHROMATIC STAINING
22
application of one or more dyes that by contrast will bring out difference between the various cells and tissues.
COUNTER STAINING
23
Structures demonstrated are opaque and black.
METALLIC IMPREGNATION/STAINING
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deposition of heavy metals salts on around cells or tissue constituents.
METALLIC IMPREGNATION/STAINING
24
Staining of structures in living cells, either in the body (in vivo) or in a laboratory preparation (in vitro).
VITAL STAINING
25
injecting a dye into animal body producing colorization of certain cells.
INTRAVITAL STAINING( IN VIVO)
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staining of living cells immediately after the removal from the body.
SUPRAVITAL STAINING ( IN VITRO)
27
removal of wax by immersing it to solvent. Because wax is poorly permeable to stains.
Deparaffinization
28
it is done graded alcohols or acetones from 70% to absolute alcohol (100%).
Dehydration
28
Process of staining of paraffin sections
Deparaffinization Hydration Staining Dehydration Clearing Mounting
29
The most common stain applied for histological study is Hematoxylin and Eosin. Tissue is place in an acid alcohol (differentiation) before eosin.
Staining
29
is done with graded alcohols from higher concentration to lower concentration. Alcohol and acetone are miscible with xylene. First change is made to absolute alcohol or acetone followed by 90%, 70% alcohol and finally distilled water.
Hydration ( sections to alcohol)-
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application of mounting medium (syrup fluid) between the stained section and cover slip.
Mounting
30
stained section is cleared with xylene. Since xylene is miscible to most mountants.
Clearing
30
Classification of Dye used in stains
Natural Dyes Synthetic Dyes
30
Process of Staining of paraffin section (GIVE THE ORDER)
Deparaffinization Xylene I Xylene II Absolute alcohol I Absolute alcohol II Hydration 90% alcohol 70% alcohol Water Hematoxylin 1% acid alcohol Eosin Dehydration 70% alcohol 90% alcohol Absolute alcohol (100%) Clearing Xylene Xylene Mounting Microscopic Examination
30
What are the natural Dyes
Hematoxylin Cochineal dyes Orcein
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What are the synthetic Dyes
Acid Dyes Basic Dyes Neutral Dyes (amphoteric)
31
This is the most popular dye used as a nuclear stain.
HEMATOXYLIN
31
Hematoxylin from the greek word?
Blood Wood
32
Dye Obtained from plants and animals.
Natural dyes
33
It develops staining property after oxidation. Must have a mordant to strengthen the staining capability.
HEMATOXYLIN
33
It is derived from the log tree (Hematoxylon Camphecianum) mainly found in Mexico.
HEMATOXYLIN
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What is the mordant for HEMATOXYLIN
Aluminum or Iron
34
What are the Aluminum Hematoxylin Solution
Ehrlich's hematoxylin Harris Hematoxylin Cole's Hematoxylin Mayer's Hematoxylin
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Hematoxylin dissolved in ethyl alcohol, with aluminum potassium, glycerin, d. h20 and glacial acetic acid. For regressive staining. Not suitable for frozen section.
Ehrlich's hematoxylin
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Hematoxylin dissolved in ethyl alcohol, with aluminum potassium,mercuric oxide, d. h20 and glacial acetic acid. For regressive staining Used for nuclear staining, exfoliative cytology and sex chromosome staining.
Harris hematoxylin
37
What are the Iron Hematoxylin
Weigert's Hematoxylin Heidenhain's hematoxylin Phosphotungstic acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)
38
Hematoxylin dissolved in alcohol with HCL and ferric chloride and d. h20. Used for demonstrating muscle fibers and connective tissues.
Weigert’s hematoxylin
39
For demonstration of nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions.
Heidenhain’s hematoxylin
40
3 forms of Eosin
Eosin Y (yellowish)- most common Eosin B (red color) Eosin S (ethyl eosin)
40
Mordant used is phosphotungstic acid For paraffin, celloidin or frozen sections.
Phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin ( PTAH)
40
Examples of COCHINEAL DYES
Picrocarmine Bert’s carmine
41
A red acid dye Used as a counter stain after hematoxylin and before methylene blue. For background stain
Eosin
42
It is a scarlet dye made from the ground bodies of cochineal beetles, treated with alum to produce a dye, CARMINE.
COCHINEAL DYES
43
Cochineal dye for neuropathological studies
Picrocarmine
43
Cochineal dye for glycogen demonstration
Bert’s carmine
44
Vegetable dye extract from lichens (orchella weeds) Used for staining elastic fibers
ORCEIN
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Most of these are in Aniline base and derived from coal tar.
Synthetic dyes
46
Example of Acid dyes that can be a counter stain for Van Gienson's stain
Acid Fuchsin (magenta red) Picric acid
46
The active coloring substance is in the acid component
Acid dyes
47
Cell structure that can take up acid dye
Collagen Eosinophiliic granules of WBC
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Mixture of picric acid and acid fucshin. Introduce by Ira Van Gienson
Van Gienson’s stain
49
Van Gienson’s stain Color of Collagen Fibers and muscle - Other tissue components -
Red Yellow
50
Active coloring component is in the basic components
Basic dyes
51
Example of Basic dyes
Methylene Blue
52
Cell structure with affinity to basic dye are
Chromatin Mucus Cartilage matrix
53
Combination of acid and basic dyes than can stain nucleus and cytoplasm simultaneously and differentially.
Neutral dye
54
Example of Neutral Dyes
Romanowsky Stain (methylene blue + eosin Y) Giemsa Stain
55
used for parasite identification in peripheral blood smear.
Giemsa Stain

Histopath Midterms (4 decks)

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