Staining of Central Nervous Tissues Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Composed of organs that will make us respond to changes outside and even inside our bodies
A
Nervous System
2
Q
The two branches of nervous system
A
CNS and PNS
3
Q
brain and spinal cord belong to the central nervous system and it’s easy to memorize that they belong to this classification of the nervous system because they are situated at the central part of the body and they play a central or important role in the nervous system
A
central nervous system
4
Q
whatever is or are attached or are communicating with the brain in the spinal cord will now be classified under the ________________
A
peripheral nervous system
5
Q
The peripheral nervous system is further divided into
A
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
6
Q
responsible for the control of the voluntary skeletal muscles
A
somatic nervous system
7
Q
responsible for controlling the function of the smooth muscles the cardiac muscles
and other visceral organs
A
autonomic nervous system
8
Q
Autonomic nervous system is further divided into:
A
parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system
9
Q
functional and structural unit of the nervous system
A
neuron or nerve cell
10
Q
other cells in the nervous
system aside from the neurons and these cells are collectively
A
neuroglia
11
Q
most dilated part of the neurons
A
cell body
12
Q
the cell body is also known as
A
perikaryon or soma
13
Q
extending from the neurons are two processes:
A
dendrites and axon
14
Q
True or False
Neurons taken from the CNS the brain and the spinal cord typically would present with angular or polygonal cell bodies
A
True
15
Q
True or False
Neurons sampled from the peripheral nervous system would usually have cell bodies that are globular in shape
A
False
16
Q
The dark basophilic round structure inside the nucleus of our nerve cells
A
Nucleolus
17
Q
This organelle functions to synthesize ribosomal RNA and this ribosomal RNA will later form complexes with proteins to form the small and large subunits of the ribosomes
A
Nucleolus
18
Q
This organelle is equivalent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum of other cells in the body
A
Nissl body
19
Q
Nissl bodies would usually take up ________ during the H and E staining
A
hematoxylin
20
Q
cytoplasm of the neurons would appear ________ under H and E staining
A
basophilic
21
Q
True or False
Nissl bodies are only found in the soma or the cell body and the dendrites and they are not found in the axons
A
True
22
Q
These are hair-like structures which could either be microtubule, intermediate filament or microfilament
A
Cytoskeleton
23
Q
The __________ of neurons can actually form a network within the cell body, dendrites, and the axons of the neurons
A
cytoskeleton
24
Q
Refers to the network of cytoskeletons composed of microtubules, neurofilaments, and microfilaments,
A
Neurofibrils
25
Extending from the cell body are the processes which are refer to as ________
Dendrites
26
True or false
| Dendrites are long and usually terminate within the vicinity of the cell body
False
27
Carry impulse towards the cell body
Dendrites
28
How many axon are there in one neuron
1
29
True or False
| Axons are shorter than dendrites
False
30
What covers the axons?
Myelin sheath
31
Axon would appear lighter than the other processes around the cell body because of _______
the lack of Nissl bodies
32
Not involved in the formation and transmission of nerve impulses. However, it provides support and protection to the neurons
Neuroglia or Glial Cells
33
What are the glial cells in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocyte
Microglia
34
Cell than forms myelin sheath
Oligodendrocytes
35
Some of its processes are wrapping around capillaries and some in neurons
Astrocytes
36
Main purpose: maintain blood brain barrier.
Astrocytes
37
True or False
Astrocytes will allow chemicals to diffuse out of capillaries, especially if these chemicals have harmful effects to the neurons.
False
38
True or False
| Oligodendrocyte is the largest and most abundant of all glial cells
False - Astrocyte
39
These are the phagocytic cells of the CNS. It provide protection to the neuron by encoding microorganisms and other foreign objects
Microglial cells
40
Modified True or False
Every time we are wounded, the fibroblasts present in our connective tissue or dermis will multiply in size and they will start producing collagen.
This collagen fibers will be deposited on the site of injury to facilitate wound repair.
Only the second statement is true
41
The reason behind healing of wounds is the activation of the _________ of the connective tissue of the skin and the deposition of the collagen
Fibroblasts
42
The response of the astrocytes to the presence of injurious agents in the brain
Reactive Astrocytosis
43
Reactive Astrocytosis responds to injury by producing a dense network of processes, somewhat analogous to fibrous scar that occurs elsewhere in the body.
True
44
I- Oligodendrocytes are responsible for syntheses of myelin in the neurons of the CNS
II- May myelinate one axon or several nearby axons
Both statements are true
45
Oligodendrocytes look like erythrocytes
True
46
The smallest, elongated cells with short irregular processes and ha as abundant process around their bodies.
Microglial Cells
47
Microglial cells are easy to identify under H&E and light microscopy
False
48
A layer of cuboidal or columnar cells lining the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
Ependymal cells
49
Plexus of cells which produces the CSF and are lined by cuboidal or columnar cells
Choroid plexus
50
Defined as the spaces between neuronal and glial cell bodies that is comprised of dendrites, axons, synapses, glial cell processes, and microvasculature
Neuropil
51
Early Signs and Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease:
1. Poor Judgement
2. Memory loss
3. Confusion with time or place
4. Changes in the mood
5. Hard to complete familiar tasks
52
Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease
1. Age
2. Vascular Disease
3. Head trauma
4. Environmental
5. Genetic
6. Family History
53
The two that are tightly linked to Alzheimer’s disease:
Genetics
| Family History
54
What does APP stands for?
Amyloid Precursor Protein
55
What is the function of the APP?
Functions to maintain the stability of the cell membrane of the neurons
56
True or False
People with Alzheimer’s disease the cleavage of APP will not lead to the cleavage of the amyloid portion the problem with uncleaved amyloid, they are sticky that they will form oligomers and these oligomers now will clump together to form the amyloid plaques
True
57
True or False
Alzheimer's Disease
APP > uncleaved amyloid portions > oligomers > amyloid plaque > can destroy the terminal ends of axons
True
58
I - Inside the axon you have their bundles or groups of microfilaments.
II- Microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton of neurons these microtubules are responsible for the transport of chemicals from the cell body towards the axon towards the distal ends of the axon
Both statements are false
59
True or False
Destruction of the distal ending of axons will cause the tau proteins to become unstable and these tau proteins will detach from the microtubules.
True
60
True or False
The detachment of the tau proteins from the microtubule will cause it to disintegrate and the tau proteins will accumulate
True
61
Refers to the accumulation of tau proteins; toxic to neurons
Neurofibrillary tangles
62
I - Amyloid plaques accumulated intracellularly.
| II - Neurofibrillary tangles formed by the tau proteins are found extracellularly
Both F
63
Microglia will try to eliminate the amyloid plaques through _________
Phagocytosis
64
As a result to the engulfment of amyloid plaques by microglial cells, the microglial cells will release what chemicals?
Cytokines
65
True or False
| Cytokines cause the death of neurons
True
66
In Alzheimer’s disease neurons die because of the three reasons:
1. accumulation of amyloid plaques
| 2. the formation of neurofibrillary tangles 3. and the release of cytokines from microglial cells
67
I - Bielschowsky's Technique is good for the demonstration of neurons, axons, neurofibrils, and most especially: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.
II - Recommended fixative: 10% Formol-saline
Both True
68
Enumerate the SIRSA Procedure of Bielschowsky's Technique.
```
S - sensitized/sensitization
I - impregnation
R - reduction
S - sodium thiosulfate
A - addition of gold chloride (toning)
```
69
Reagents used in SENSITIZATION (Bielschowsky's Technique)
Silver Nitrate (@ 37 degrees Celsius)
70
Reagents used in IMPREGNATION (Bielschowsky's Technique)
Ammoniacal silver
71
Reagents used in REDUCTION (Bielschowsky's Technique)
10% Neutral Formalin
72
Purpose of the 5% Sodium thiosulfate
| Bielschowsky's Technique
To remove unreduced silver ions because they will not impart color. Removes excess silver.
73
Reagents used in ADDITION (Bielschowsky's Technique)
Gold chloride for toning
74
Neurofibrils, axons and dendrites, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid plaques appear white on a yellow to brown background
False - black; not white
75
Similar to Bielchowsky’s technique but differ with regards to how the ammoniacal silver solution is prepare
Sevier-Munger Technique
76
In Bielchowsky’s technique, we prepare ammoniacal silver by adding first a few drops of diluted __________ are added to some aqueous silver nitrate
There is formation of ________, Ag2O, which precipitate from the solution as brown precipitates
sodium hydroxide
| silver oxide
77
The main purpose of adding sodium hydroxide to the aqueous silver nitrate is to precipitate silver in the form of silver oxide, and the color is brown
True
78
In the next step, sufficient aqueous ammonia is added to dissolve the brown silver(I) oxide.
A sufficient amount of ammonia is added to the brown silver oxide because excess ammonia will make the solution become alkaline.
If the ammoniacal silver is alkaline, it becomes more effecive
Two statements are correct and one is wrong.
79
In general, it is best to initially add ammonia fairly rapidly with constant shaking.
True
80
It is always good to continue to a point when a few granules are still not completely dissolved to prevent excess ammonia
False - stop
81
Bielchowsky’s Technique Mnemonic: SARSA
| Sevier-Munger Technique Mnemonic: SIRSA
Both false - SIRSA; SIS
82
What does SIS stands for (Sevier-Munger Technique)?
S - sensitization
I - impregnation
S - sodium thiosulfate
83
What happen in the SENSITIZATION (Sevier-Munger Technique)?
The nerve fibers are sensitized w/ a 20% silver nitrate solution preheated at 60 degree Celsius
84
What happen in the IMPREGNATION (Sevier-Munger Technique)?
impregnation with ammoniacal silver solution mixed formalin.
85
Both impregnation and reduction are performed together in Sevier-Munger Technique
True
86
What happen in the SODIUM THIOSULFATE (Sevier-Munger Technique)?
5% Sodium thiosulfate is used to remove unreduced silver ions and excess silver metals
87
Ammonium hydroxide = Bielchowsk’y technique.
| Sodium hydroxide = Sevier-Munger technique.
Both false
88
I - The main reason of adding sodium carbonate and ammonium hydroxide at the latter part of the procedure is to allow the formalin to be added to the ammoniacal silver solution.
II - That’s why in Sevier-Munger technique, impregnation and reduction can be done at the same time, thereby reducing the processing time.
Both true
89
In this particular stain, silver is removed from the background of the tissue specimen so the laboratory personnel can identify now neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques from brown-stained background.
Bodian's stain
90
In Bodian's stain, gold metal will replace the silver on the background.
False - copper
91
The brand name of the silver that is used in Bodian’s stain which is a silver proteinate is
Protargol
92
```
“Prot-“ = proteinate
“-argol” = from the word argirium, which is referring to silver.
```
Protargol
| Both true
93
In this procedure, copper metal is added to remove the silver metals from the background or the connective tissue, allowing now a greater differentiation between the nerve fibers, the amyloid plaques and the neurofibrillary tangles from the background or the connective tissue.
Bodian's stain
94
In Bodian’s stain, the silver proteinate the protargol, which is composed of silver and the gold metals, is added into the tissue sample.
False - silver and copper
95
In Bodain's stain, toning is done by the addition of _______
Silver chloride
96
I - After the performance of Bodian’s stain, the neurons, the dendrites, the axons, the neurofibrillary tangles, and the amyloid plaques will all have silver color because of the deposition of the silver metals.
II - The background will become unstained.
Statement 1 is false (black) and Statement 2 is true
97
I - In some cases, the background can have a color with the aid of counter staining (Bodain's stain)
II - Aniline violet dye can be used
Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false
98
_______ will impart blue color to the background, but the neurons and the neuroglia will still have that black color because of the deposition of the silver metals.
Aniline blue
99
I - The cytoplasm of the neurons appears to be dark stained or basophilic because of the presence of abundant Golgi bodies. II - If neurons will have injury, they will lose majority of their organelles including their Nissl bodies
False - Nissl Bodies
| True
100
Nissl bodies are also known as
tigroid bodies
101
The absence of Nissl bodies would indicate ________
nerve cell degeneration.
102
Nissl Bodies can be stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin (basophilic structures in the cytoplasm of Nerves) but are best stained with _______, _______, _______, ______
Crest fast violet
thionine
toluidine blue
methylene blue.
103
Dissolution of the Nissl bodies in the cell body of a neuron.
Chromatolysis
104
Induced response of the neuron usually triggered by _____, ______, _______, _______
axotomy,
ischemia,
toxicity to the cell virus infections.
