Stalin - Social Policies Flashcards
(38 cards)
literacy - when did Stalin relaunch the literacy campaign?
in 1930 at the 16th party congress
literacy - what were cultural soldiers?
the government requited 3 million volunteers from the komosol to educate workers and peasants. However they were unpopular and 40% were attacked due to their connection with collectivisation. they also had few supplies and little to offer peasants.
literacy - was Stalin successful?
68% of adults were literate by the end of the first five year plan
by 1934 94% of citizens were literate
97% of men and 90% of women
marriage - what was the great retreat?
divorce was made more difficult and expensive as part of the great retreat in 1936. this also included the criminalisation of abortion - contraception was secretly removed from shelves - and gay men.
marriage - what was emphasised?
the role of the perfect soviet wife, wives of famous soviet men such as Lenin were turned into public heroes - normal women tended to hate this as it showed a willingness to accept different classes.
children - what happened to maternity leave?
reduced to just 6 weeks.
children - what happened to childcare?
buildings previously used for childcare were used for other things, groups of women and housewives mobalised to provide childcare
children - what happened to the birthrate?
the birthrate was falling which led to government campaigns targeted at women. having 7 children meant the government provided 2000 roubles a year for five years.
education - what was Stalin’s aim with education?
to turn young people into good workers, making sure they could read and write and were educated enough to work on factories and farms.
education - what reforms did Stalin make?
reintroduced discipline, exams, homework etc. children were given a code of conduct on how to behave. punctuality, attendance and traditional teaching methods were important.
education - what was primary schooling like?
only primary school was funded by the government as it was the only education necessary for workers. by 1932 95% of 8-12 year olds were at primary school. it was possible to get scholarships and grants for education if you were a party member.
education - how many people had a secondary education?
in 1928 216000 children were completing secondary, in 1939 this number was up to 1.5 million
by 1953 65% of 12-17 year olds had gained some secondary education.
education - what happened from 1940 onwards?
labour reserve schools trained 14-17 year olds for 6 months to 2 years with no pay. 4.2 million people were recruited between 1946 and 1952.
education - what was Stalin’s aim with universities?
he wanted to improve universities to replace old bourgeoise specialists with new ‘red specialists’
education - what happened to the number of university enrollments?
1927 = 170,000 1932 = 500,000
education - what did Stalin change in terms of university staff?
he purged many of the old university teachers and replaced them with red specialists.
education - what happened to the number of universities?
increased by 800% by 1939
education - what happened to universities as a result of the war?
the war had a huge impact and decimated many universities. but by 1953 there were 1.5 million students and over 50,000 academies.
women - how much time did women spend on chores?
on average 5 times longer in the 1930’s as they did in the 1920’s
women - what were female party members encouraged to do?
quit their jobs to focus more on their role as mothers. join the movement of wife activists
women - did women work in the countryside?
yes, by 1940 there were 500,000 female taxi drivers.
women - what did the five year plans do for women?
they saw more women in work. 1928 = 3m women in industry. 1945 = 15m
women - what was education like for women?
they had an increased presence in technical education - 1929 = 20% 1940 = 40%
women - what imagery was used during WWII?
Russia was depicted as a woman and the slogan ‘motherland is calling’ was used a lot
