Standardized & Non-standardized Assessments

Question 1

What type of assessment technique is used for the Sensory Profile?

Answer 1

A questionnaire. Often coupled with caregiver interviews.

Question 2

4 ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES

Answer 2

Watching (observation)

Listening (interviews)

Measuring (observation using instruments)

Asking (written questionnaires)

Question 3

3 Aspects of Questionnaires

Answer 3

ease of administration and low cost
forced choice is highly reliable
but vague questions are problematic & lead to misinterpretation

Question 4

4 Aspects of STANDARDIZED ASSESSMENTS

Answer 4

Consider performance in a restricted domain, under prescribed conditions

Generally quantitative in nature

Compare results to reference group (aka Normative sample)

Constructed according to strict procedures

Question 5

STANDARDIZED ASSESSMENTS HAVE:

Answer 5

Published procedures for administration and scoring
Reliability and validity studies
Objectivity (independent from the personal view of the examiner)
Quantification (numerical precision of performance and characteristics)

Question 6

EXAMPLES OF STANDARDIZED ASSESSMENTS

Answer 6

Sensory Integration and Praxis Test (SIPT) - Ayres ($1000-$3000, not covered by insurance)
Battery of standardized performance tests
Time to administer: 1 ½ to 2 hrs; additional time for scoring
age range: 4 years-8years 11months (preschool-elementary school)

Mini Mental State Exam by Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh
Standardized oral questionnaire
Time to administer: 5-10 minutes

Question 7

SIPT stands for

Answer 7

Sensory Integration and Praxis Test

Question 8

SIPT was developed by?

Answer 8

Jean Ayres

Question 9

Non-Standardized Assessments

Answer 9

may be less costly (doesn’t require specific trademarked materials)
doesn’t require extensive training (vs being able to administer SIPT)
Ipsative-Referenced (if standard protocol is used)

Question 10

FORMATS OF NON-STANDARDIZED ASSESSMENTS

Answer 10

Observations
Checklists
Interviews
Protocols

Question 11

STANDARDIZATION OF ADMINISTRATION

Answer 11

Lack of norm reference group/standardization sample (vs Standardized Assessments)
Standardized protocol: administered the same way each time
For both Standardized & Non-standardized Assessments

Question 12

Standardized protocol

Answer 12

Yes: could be both Standardized & Non-standardized Assessments, depending on presence of normative sample
No: only Non-standardized Assessments

Question 13

Aspects of Criterion-Referenced tools

Answer 13

Standardized protocol
Lack of normative, reference sample but compares against criteria

ex: Sensory Profile (criteria for Sensory Processing in 4 diff quadrants)
>many Developmental instruments are both Criterion AND Norm-Referenced

Question 14

Considerations when using Normative Data:

Answer 14

is population being tested consistent with normative sample?

Question 15

SCORES OBTAINED FROM A NORM-REFERENCED ASSESSMENT

Answer 15

Performance on a norm-referenced test is first recorded as a raw score

Raw score > derived or obtained score> (standard score) > test interpretation

Raw score may be converted to an obtained score (derived score)

[Raw score converted to obtained score using methods published for the test]

Derived score is converted to a standard score

Need to quantify observed performance and convert to a usable result; this is a systematic process

Question 16

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND ASSOCIATED STANDARD SCORES

Answer 16

mean = avg/middle performance

Standard scores fall in a normal distribution

Majority of scores cluster around the mean

Standard deviation divides up the normal distribution

Typical performance is considered to fall within 1 (68%, 34% above & below) to 1.5 SD from the mean

Question 17

Standard Deviation (SD) helps clinicians determine:

Answer 17

Percentile of client’s performance

how a clients’s performance relates to the mean, avg performance

Question 18

Cut Off Point

Answer 18

1.5 SDs from the mean

Determines eligibility for Early Intervention (EI)

Question 19

Percentile Scores

Answer 19

Avg performance = 50th percentile (% of population client scored higher than)
1 SD above = 84% (50% + 34%)
below = 16% (still within typical range of performance)
2 SDs = 98th percentile (98%), 2%
3 SDs above = 99%, below = 1%

Question 20

Standard Scores

Answer 20

commonly used by OTs

along w/ Percentiles, percent equivalence

Question 21

3 Types of Standard Scores

Answer 21

z-scores (mean = 0, SD = 1)
>used in Psychology
t-scores (mean = 50, SD = 10)

Standard scores (mean = 100, SD = 15)
   >used by OTs
    >77-78 = cutoff point for EI services

Question 22

Standard Score

Answer 22

mean = 100

standard score of 84 = z-score of -1 = 16th percentile (16%) = 1 SD below mean (of 100)

Question 23

Z-score

Answer 23

84% = 1 SD above mean = 115 (standard score)

Question 24

Age Equivalent Score

Answer 24

Relates score to scores of typical individuals of a particular age group

Best Practice is use Age Equivalent Scores along w/ other Standard Scores

Question 25

Why might using

Answer 25

Development is dynamic, occurs at diff rates

Question 26

IPSATIVE ASSESSMENTS

Answer 26

Latin “ipse” meaning “of the self”

Standardized procedures, but individualized

Compared individual to self across time

Interview and observation based
>COPM and OPHI-II

Question 27

Stanine

Answer 27

STAndard NINE

method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two.

Question 28

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 28

-1.0 to +1.0
high = .90+
good/satisfactory = 0.8-0.89
fair/weak = 0.7-0.79