Staphylococcaceae Flashcards by ARRIANE CYREL CAMACHO

Q

Staining Reaction and Shape

A

Gram-positive cocci

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Q

Motility

A

Non-motile

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Q

Spore

A

Non-spore formers

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Q

capsule

A

o encapsulated

o Non-capsulated

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Q

O2 requirement

A

Aerobes/facultative aerobes

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Q

NOTABLE BIOCHEMICAL TESTS

A

CATALASE TEST

NITRATE REDUCTION TEST

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Q

TRANSMISSION

A

Direct contact transmission

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Q

HABITAT

A

Normal colonizers of humans:
o Nasal passages
o Skin
 Perianal area

Normal flora; Pathogenic species to man

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Q

Attachment to host

A

MICROCAPSULE

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Q

 Inhibits opsonization

 Binds with Fc of IgC

A

PROTEIN A

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Q

Breakdown of toxic oxygen derivatives

A

CATALASE

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Q

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Molecular mimicry

A

COAGULASE

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Q

Forms of COAGULASE

A

BOUND COAGULASE

FREE COAGULASE

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Q

Liquefies purulent materials

Destroys DNA

A

DNASE

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Q

destruction of DNA by DNAse

A

Decreases viscosity of environment

Facilitates dissemination

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Q

 Clumping factor

 Directly converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

BOUND COAGULASE

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Q

FREE COAGULASE Reacts with globulin plasma factor to form

A

staphylothrombin

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Q

 Neutralizes hyaluronic acid
 Spreading factor
 Facilitate deep infection

A

HYALURONIDASE

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Q

 Digests lipids

 Allows bacteria to colonize skin

A

LIPASE

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Q

 Acts as fibrinolysin

 Allows bacterial dissemination

A

STAPHYLOKINASE

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Q

 Cleaves beta-lactam double ring
 Plasmid-controlled
 mecA gene

A

BETA-LACTAMASE

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Q

 Digests lipids

 Allows bacteria to colonize skin

A

LIPASE

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Q

 Acts as fibrinolysin

 Allows bacterial dissemination

A

STAPHYLOKINASE

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Q

 Cleaves beta-lactam double ring
 Plasmid-controlled
 mecA gene

A

BETA-LACTAMASE

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 Destroy WBCs |  Panton Valentine Leukocidin

LEUKOCIDINS

o Pore-forming toxin | o Important CA-MRSA

 Panton Valentine Leukocidin

Lyses RBCS

ALPHA – HEMOLYSIN

ALPHA – HEMOLYSIN includes

 Monocytes  Macrophages  Lymphocytes

Dermenocretic

ALPHA – HEMOLYSIN

o Protein exotoxin

BETA – HEMOLYSIN | SPHINGOMYELINASE

o Specific on sphingomyelin

BETA – HEMOLYSIN | SPHINGOMYELINASE

o Membrane disruption

BETA – HEMOLYSIN | SPHINGOMYELINASE

o Cytotoxic to monocytes

BETA – HEMOLYSIN | SPHINGOMYELINASE

o “Hot-cold” hemolysin

BETA – HEMOLYSIN | SPHINGOMYELINASE

o Surfactant/detergent like o Membrane disruption o Pore-forming toxin

GAMMA – HEMOLYSIN

Epidermolytic toxin

EXFOLIATIN

EXFOLIATIN targets

desmoglein

Adhesion glycoprotein withing desmosomes in the epidermis

desmoglein

Dissolves the | mucopolysaccharide matrix of the stratum granulosum

desmoglein

Responsible for SSSS

desmoglein

TSST – 1

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

Enterotoxin F

TSS TOXIN

Superantigen

TSS TOXIN

Causes hypertension

TSS TOXIN

Characteristics of STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN

Pyrogenicity | Superantigenicity

Stimulate T-cell proliferation Release of cytokines Overwhelming inflammatory response Shock

Superantigenicity

o Heat-stable o Staphylococcal Food Poisoning o “Food intoxication”

ENTEROTOXINS: A, B, C, D, E, H, I

 Chronic inflammation  Apocrine glands  Furuncle-like lesions

HINDRADINITIS SUPPERATIVA

 impetigo neonatorum  Highly contagious  Pus-filled vesicles

IMPETIGO

 a common skin condition in which hair follicles become inflamed

FOLLICULITIS

 Deep-seated infection of: o Hair follicle o Subcutaneous tissue

FURUNCLE

Boils, sty

CARBUNCLE

 Multiple interconnected abscess  Subcutaneous tissues  Several adjacent hair follicles

CARBUNCLE

infection of paranasal sinuses

SINUSITIS

 Formation of lung abscess  Follows other infection  Via direct extension or hematogenous spread

PNEUMONIA

 Septic arthritis |  Joint inflammation

ARHTRITIS

 Renal carbuncle |  Lower UTI

GENITO-URINARY TRACT INFECTION

inflammation of the pericardium

PERICARDITIS

an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

MENINGITIS

related to muscle, forming pus

PYOMYOSITIS

presence of viable bacteria in the circulating blood

BACTEREMIA

the clinical name for blood poisoning by bacteria

SEPTICEMIA

 Enterotoxin-contaminated food  Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea  Begins 2-6 hours after ingestion  Self-limiting 8-10 hours

STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING

 Exfoliatin |  Bullous lesions resembling impetigo

STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCLADED SKIN SYNDROME

 Systemic absorption=larger area | o Sloughing of superficial skin

STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCLADED SKIN SYNDROME

 Numerous blisters |  Rupture of blisters exposes the dermis

STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCLADED SKIN SYNDROME

 Hypersensitivity reaction  Linked to infections  Similar to SSSS

STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS

 TSST-1  Febrile illness  Hypotension  Rashes with desquamation

TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME

vaccine

none

Intranasal carriers

 Muporicin |  Rifampin

Umbilical cord stump

 Gentian Violet  Acriflavine  Bacitracin

Infants/Neonates

 3% hexachlorophene

PENICILLINASE-RESISTANT PENICILLINS

 Nafcillin  Oxacillin  Methicillin

 FOR MRSA |  If resistant to penicillin derivatives

VANCOMYCIN

 VISA & VRSA |  If resistant to vancomyocin

STREPTOGRAMINS & OXAZOLIDINONES

 Coagulase negative |  Normal Flora of the SKIN

Staphylococcus epidermidis

 Catheters |  Prosthetic heart valves

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Attachment to smooth surfaces | Catheters and Prosthetics

SLIME LAYER

Hydrolysis of urea to form ammonia | Changes acidic urine pH

UREASE

Urethritis, Cystitis, Contaminated catheter

URINARY TRACT INFECTION

Due to contaminated prosthetics | Colonizes the endocardium

ENDOCARDITIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL  Aseptic handling of foreign devices  Penicillinase-resistant penicillin

Staphylococcus epidermidis

PREVENTION AND CONTROL  Proper genitourinary hygiene o Proper usage of tampons o Proper chaninging intervals

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

 Animal pathogen |  Zoonosis

S. intermedius

 Nosocomial and community associated  Endocarditis, septicemia, meningitidis  Skin and soft tissue infections

S. lugdunensis