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Question 1

what is an operational definition of temperature

Answer 1

The temperature of a substance is a measure of the mean

translational kinetic energy associated with the disordered microscopic motion of its constituent atoms or molecules.

Question 2

direction of heat flow

Answer 2

Heat flows from a region of higher temperature toward a region of lower temperature.

Question 3

things needed to make a theromometer

Answer 3

a system with a suitable thermometric property,

an easily duplicated method of construction

Question 4

what does a useful thermometer have

Answer 4

reproducible readings, small heat capacity(so it doesnt change the properties of the system), a wide operating range

Question 5

thermometric property

Answer 5

is any physical property that changes measurably with temperature

Question 6

Good Thermometric Property

Answer 6

independent of the properties and sample-dependence of specific substance

Question 7

pressure temp law

Answer 7

The pressure p of a fixed mass of gas at low density in a constant volume is proportional to the absolute temperature, T

Question 8

Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer operation

Answer 8

Allow gas and system to reach thermal
equilibrium, Adjust height of mercury reservoir to
bring meniscus to the constant volume
reference mark, Measure the height h and hence determine the pressure p, Use T = ap, where a is a constant for the thermometer to determine the temperature T

Question 9

Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer used to compare temp of systems

Answer 9

T1=ap1 T2=ap2 therfore T1/T2=p1/p2

Question 10

Kelvin scale

Answer 10

Based on properties of an ideal gas and the 2nd Law of
Thermodynamics, Requires only a single fixed point defined as T triple point= 273.16K, The value for
T triple point is defined so that (T melting point)–(Tboiling point)= 100K

Question 11

Celcius temperature scale

Answer 11

Uses pure water at 101 kPa to determine two fixed points, which are defined as being 100 degrees apart (hence
centigrade)

Question 12

thermodynamic temperature scale

Answer 12

one that does not depend on the properties of the substances that are used to measure temperature

Question 13

why is kelvin thermodynamic

Answer 13

because it is based on: Equation of state of an ideal gas, Properties of a reversible heat engine

Question 14

Calibration of the CV Gas Thermometer

Answer 14

The triple-point of pure water gives a very reproducible temperature reference, Error bounds of +0.0μK/ –150μK are achievable. This allows determination of the calibration constant a for a CV gas
thermometer. For low pressures results become independent of the gas used.

Question 15

how are thermodynamic properties of a system determined

Answer 15

by its thermodynamic state

Question 16

how is the thermodynamic state of a system specified

Answer 16

by values of a suitable set of parameters known as

state variables

Question 17

State variables

Answer 17

density ρ, enthalpy H, entropy S, internal energy

U, mass M, number of moles n, chemical potential μ,pressure p, temperature T, volume V

Question 18

Equation of State definition

Answer 18

a mathematical relationship between state variables

Question 19

An equation of state properties

Answer 19

exists for every thermodynamic system, cannot be determined using thermodynamics, can be determined from experiments or a molecular theory, for a closed system, relates T to two other variables

Question 20

The equation of state of an ideal gas

Answer 20

pV=nRT, useful approximation for real gases at low

p or high T

Question 21

Path-Independence of State

Answer 21

Independent of the path (sequence) of state-variable values used to make the change

Question 22

The P-V-T Surface

Answer 22

The state variables p, V, T, n are the coordinates in a 4-space, The equation of state defines surfaces in this space

Question 23

Isotherms

Answer 23

p vs V at constant temperature

Question 24

Isobars

Answer 24

V vs T at constant pressure

Question 25

Isochors

Answer 25

p vs T at constant volume

Question 26

critical temperature

Answer 26

above this the gas cant be liqified by preassure alone

Question 27

Van der Waals Equation of State

Answer 27

(p+an^2/V^2)(V-nb)=nRT | a and b are empirical constants that differ for each gas

Question 28

info about Van der Waals Equation of State

Answer 28

takes into account : molecular volume which is nbso the volume available for the molecules to move in is (V–nb),Intermolecular attraction is represented by an^2/V^2.This decreases the pressure at high densities

Question 29

Virial Equation of State

Answer 29

pV/nRT=1+......Bn(n/v)^n | Bn are the virial coefficients. These are specific to each gas and are functions of T

Question 30

Virial Equation of State info

Answer 30

uses a power-series expansion, reduces to the ideal gas equation of state at low densities, can be derived using statistical mechanics, is valid for any isotropic substance if enough terms are used.

Question 31

Equation of State for a Simple Solid

Answer 31

V =V0[1+β(T−T0)−kT(p−p0)] kT=−ΔV/V0Δp is the isothermal compressibility β=ΔV/V0ΔT is the isobaric volumetric expansivity

Question 32

Heat is

Answer 32

measure of the energy transferred between two systems as a result of a temperature difference,

Question 33

specific heat capacity equation

Answer 33

ΔQ=cMΔT

Question 34

Specific heat capacity holding preassure constant

Answer 34

c=1/M(δQ/dT)

Question 35

Specific heat capacity holding volume constant

Answer 35

c=1/M(δQ/dT)

Question 36

three mechanisms that transfer heat between systems

Answer 36

Conduction, Convection, Radiation

Question 37

importance of heat transfer mechanisms depends on

Answer 37

nature of the systems, geometry of the systems, temperature regime involved

Question 38

Conduction is

Answer 38

the transfer of heat through a medium that is stationary on a macroscopic scale

Question 39

thermal resistance equation

Answer 39

R=L/κA k=thermal conductivity L=legnth A=cross sectional area

Question 40

charge thermal equivalent

Answer 40

heat

Question 41

current thermal equivalent

Answer 41

heat flux

Question 42

capacitance thermal equivalent

Answer 42

heat capacity

Question 43

pd thermal equivalent

Answer 43

temp

Question 44

reistance thermal equivalent

Answer 44

thermal resistance

Question 45

Convection

Answer 45

the transfer of heat via the movement of a medium on a macroscopic scale important in fluids

Question 46

Convection forced

Answer 46

externally driven flow

Question 47

Convection free

Answer 47

thermally induced density gradients drive the flow

Question 48

Radiation is

Answer 48

the transfer of heat via electromagnetic waves, No medium is required,

Question 49

Stefan-Boltzmann law

Answer 49

P=εσAT^4 for p net T^4-Tenv^4

Question 50

Kinetic Theory of Gases assumptions

Answer 50

A container with volume V contains a very large number N of identical spherical molecules, each with mass m The molecular radius is small compared with the average distance between molecules and the size of the container The molecules are in constant rapid random motion and obey Newton’s laws There is no force acting between molecules except during collisions. The molecules collide with each other and with the walls of the container. All collisions are perfectly elastic The container walls are perfectly rigid and infinitely massive The gas is in equilibrium

Question 51

Collision Frequency of molecules with wall

Answer 51

(N/2V)A∣v_x∣dt

Question 52

The gas is isotropic so

Answer 52

v^2x=v^2y=v^2z=(1/3)v^2total

Question 53

force exerted by gas

Answer 53

Fx=momentum change x arrival rate =2mv (N/2V)A∣v_x∣

Question 54

pressure equation

Answer 54

force/area = 1/3Nmv^2

Question 55

Microscopic Interpretation of Temperature

Answer 55

mean translational kinetic energy | per molecule

Question 56

Internal Energy of the Ideal Gas assumptions

Answer 56

No intermolecular forces No rotational kinetic energy No vibrational kinetic energy

Question 57

Internal Energy of the Ideal Gas equations

Answer 57

3/2NkT=3/2NnRT

Question 58

The heat capacity of n moles of ideal gas

Answer 58

3/2nRT

Question 59

velocity density | function

Answer 59

f(v)=Aexp(−Bv^2) v=sqrt(ln(v)/2) at half height | A=sqrt(B/pi)

Question 60

speeds of molecules

Answer 60

v most probable < v average < v rms

Question 61

Ideal gas model does not describe

Answer 61

``` thermal conductivity electrical resistivity viscosity diffusion because these depend on the frequency of collisions between molecules ```

Question 62

collision rate of one molecule with other stationary molecules

Answer 62

(N/V)4πr^2⟨v⟩

Question 63

collision rate of one molecule with other moving molecules

Answer 63

(N/V)4√2πr2⟨v⟩

Question 64

mean free path proportionalities

Answer 64

λ∝T. λ∝1/p

Question 65

viscosity

Answer 65

momentum transfer

Question 66

thermal conductivity

Answer 66

energy transfer

Question 67

coefficient of diffusion

Answer 67

mass transfer

Question 68

Thermal Conductivity proportionalities

Answer 68

independent of density κ∝(1/r^2)sqrt(T/m)