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6SIGMA > Stat Uses > Flashcards

Stat Uses Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Mean (xBar)

A

Value that is the sum of the values divided by the number of values in a data set

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2
Q

Median

A

Value positioned in the middle of a data set

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3
Q

Mode

A

Value that appears most often in a data set

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4
Q

Range

A

Subtract the smallest value from the largest value in a data set

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5
Q

Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)

A

Distance of a value from the Mean in Absolute Value

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6
Q

Variance

A

MAD divided by number of values in a data set

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7
Q

Standard Deviation (SD)

A

The square root of Variance

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8
Q

External Environment Factors

A

Technology, Social & Cultural Elements, Economics, Legal & Political Elements, Competition

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9
Q

Internal Environment Factors

A

Attribute measures, Effectiveness measures, Efficiency measures

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10
Q

VOC

A

Identify customer, capture voice of customer, collect and analyze, formulate conclusions, act on conclusions

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11
Q

Quality Function Deployment (QFD)

A

Convert customer expectations into technical requirements for each stage of product or service development and production

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12
Q

House of Quality (QFD)

A

WHAT identifies customer requirements
HOW identifies technical requirements
Competitive Evaluation measures how well all products available meet customer expectations

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13
Q

Average Rate of Return (ARR)

A

net annual savings / average investment

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14
Q

Payback Period

A

initial investment / net annual cash savings

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15
Q

Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)

A

Use DCF table to find % of discount over period of time

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16
Q

Net Present Value (NPV)

A

Use DCF tables to find % of discount over years to initial investment

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17
Q

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

A

Use DCF to determine the interest rate that will make the DCF equal to the initial investment

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18
Q

Unit

A

What you make

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19
Q

Defect

A

Output that does not meet external or internal customer expectations

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20
Q

Opportunity

A

The chance to satisfy the customer or generate a defect

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21
Q

DPU

Study These Flashcards
A

Defects per unit

22
Q

DPMO

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A

Defects per million opportunities

Number of defects / (number of opp x number of units) x 1,000,000

23
Q

Six Sigma

Study These Flashcards
A

3.4 defects per million oppotunities

24
Q

Yield

Study These Flashcards
A

1 - % defects

25
Rolled Throughput Yield (RTY)
Determines the probability that a process with more than one step will yield a defect free product
26
Brainstorming
Free flow of ideas from a group without criticism or discussion
27
Brainwriting
Brainstorming on paper that is passed around the group
28
Nominal Group Technique (NGT)
Free writing period followed by successive sharing around group
29
Affinity Diagrams
NGT followed by posting on a wall and arranging in logical groups, followed by discussion
30
Pareto Chart
What is vital, what is trivial. Arrange list of issues in descending order of importance. Assign % to each based upon importance adding all up to 100%. Left Y-axis shows # of issues, Right Y-axis shows % of importance. X-axis shows categories of issues.
31
Critical to Quality (CTQ) Tree Diagram
Defines specifically what customer want. | Top level, breaks down into multiple, each of which break down into multiple, etc
32
Central Limit Theorem
A large of enough population will show an normal mean (xBar). 30 or greater usually
33
Operating Characteristic Curve (OC)
Graph shows sampling plan probability of accepting a lot with % of defects
34
Histogram
Graphically compares process variations from machine to machine or person to person
35
Stem & Leaf Diagram
Creates a graphical representation of data with out a graph. Stem is the first digit (tens, hundreds, thousands, etc) and Leaf are the remaining digits separated by stem. Can show as a curve
36
Box & Whiskers Plot
Compare two groups of similar data to see mean, median and spread
37
Probability
P (A) = n/N A = Event n = number of chances N = number of equally likely ways
38
Binomial Probability Distribution
Probability of Either/Or types of outcome... P(d) = probability of nonconforming units n = number in the sample d = number nonconforming in the sample p sub o = proportion nonconforming in the population q sub o = population conforming in the population P(d) = (n!/(d! * (n-d)!)) * p sub 0 (to the d power) * q sub 0 (to the n-d power)
39
Poisson Probability Distribution
describe situations that involve events per unit of time or per unit of amount c = count of an event in a given classification np sub 0 = average count in the sample e = 2.718281 P(c) = ((np sub 0) to the c power)/c!) x e to the negative np sub 0 power
40
Chi-Square Probability Distribution
This distribution is non-parametric, which is a fancy word that means we don't know about parameters such as means or proportions chi squared = Sigma((O subi-E subi)squared / E subi) Create table to show data
41
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
``` Identify impact of failure Rate and Rank each failure activity Determine probability of occurrence Assess probability of detection Determine Risk Priority Number (RPN) for each function Sequence functions by RPN Define recommended action, assign responsibility, and put into motion Follow-up and calculate new RPN ```
42
Tensile Strength
The load of a material under which it is expected to break
43
Decision Making
``` Define the problem Establish criteria for the decision Establish priorities, weights, and constraints Identify alternatives Evaluate alternatives Select alternative Monitor decision ```
44
Linear Regression Analysis
Requires a linear relationship between two variables Independent variable on the X-axis Dependent variable on the Y-axis
45
Multiple Regression Analysis
More than one Independent variable effecting a dependent variable
46
Cause & Effect Diagram (E&C)
Root cause of a problem 4M, 1P Machinery, Materials, Measurements, Methods People
47
Force Field Analysis
Central Decision, forces on Left are negative, Restrictive Forces, and forces on the Right are positive, Moving Forces
48
Storyboard
Similar to affinity diagram | Define Communication, Who, What, How
49
Tree Diagram
Similar to BOM
50
Why-Why
Keep asking why until you figure out why
51
Checksheets
Track issues
52
Scatter Diagrams
Examine relationships between observable events. | Use Trend Tests to find relationship or not

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