state and globalisation Flashcards
(31 cards)
1
Q
define a nation
A
collection of ppl bound together by shared values and traditions, usually sharing the same geographical area
2
Q
define a nation-state
A
autonomous political community held together by citizenship and nationality
3
Q
describe 1933 MonteVideo Convention
A
son state must possess define territory, population and viable gov
4
Q
describe Wilson’s 14 points 1918
A
US president Wilson said nation state’s sovereignty should be founded upon right to self-determination= led to creation of states like Poland and Austria
5
Q
describe hyper-globalisers
A
argue globalisation is creating shift structures in global power
6
Q
describe transformationalists
A
globalisation has deep impact on state sov= new stakeholder like MNCs challenge state sov
7
Q
describe Mearsheimer
A
REALIST= globalisation is a liberal hegemony pushed by US foreign policy
8
Q
describe Cunliffe
A
globalisation is product of US desire to dominate international relations
9
Q
define economic globalisation
A
process by which states across the world become more connected and interdependent according to principles of trade
10
Q
define global governance
A
the way in which nation state shares decision making with non state actors like IGOs
11
Q
how has the internet impacted globalisation
A
- internet made it harder for states to control info its citizens receive= 2010-2012 Arab spring by undermining state’s ability to control flow of info
- provides platform for social movements to determine global debate= murder of George Floyd 2020= provoked BLM movement= made racism powerful topic for western democracies
12
Q
political globalisation examples
A
- china fired Zambia 42,000 seat football stadium and hospital
- AIIB loaned Zambia money for new port
- international organisations like UN spread liberal values of democracy
13
Q
economic globalisation examples
A
- Chinese gov leased land for farmers e.g. soy farms= used for pork
- china biggest copper pipe manufacturer in world= accounts more than 2/5 global consumption of coal, aluminium and zinc
- need to invest in green tech
14
Q
cultural globalisation examples
A
- Chinese architecture in Zambia
- buying western luxury goods in china
- chinese work ethic taken to zambia= work 7 days a week
- over 60s in china will increase by 230 mil in 2050
- 250 mil migrant workers china
15
Q
EU and US trade war
A
- 2023, US imposed tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminium imports from EU
- EU put tariffs on whiskey and motorcycles from US
16
Q
US and Chinese trade war
A
- Trump set tariffs on electrics, vehicles and steel
= Trump accused china of enforcing protectionism
17
Q
adv of globalisation
A
- decrease price of goods for consumers and variety of goods= 2020, 45% of population have mobile phones
- expansion of international trade, allowing countries to access larger markets
= increase job creation and economic output
= between 2000-2024, global economy nearly tripled in size= normal GDP increased from $33 trillion in 2000, to $104 trillion by 2023 according to IMF and WB
= benefited emerging economies like china who had major industrialisation and saw over 800 mil people lifted out of poverty - led to inwards FDI= brought much needed capital and infrastructure
= 2017, Kenya launched its own $3.8 billion China-funded train line linking Nairobi to Mombasa - political globalisation has established international organisations like UN and WHO that facilitate cooperation to tackle global issues like conflict resolution, HRs and climate change
= 2015 Paris climate agreement brought together nearly 200 countries to commit to reducing Co2 emissions and tackle global warming - political globalisation has helped protect HRs
= UN 1948 declaration of HRs= Rwandan Genocide 1994 led to massacre of 800,000 Tutsis and Hutus= UN peacekeepers were deployed to protect civilians and prevent genocide - promotion of cultural diversity where diff cuisines, fashion and art are spread globally= allowed people to experience and appreciate cultures beyond their own= breaking down cultural barriers
= spread of Kpop from South Korea= gained global popularity
= connected diff cultures through entertainment e.g. Hollywood and bollywod - widespread use of social media platforms like IG and Facebook have accelerated spread of social and political movements that advocate for social or environmental justice
= #MeToo movement gained international traction about sexual harassment and gender equality
= Fridays for Future started by Greta Thunberg= united worldwide young people to address climate change and pressurise Govs to put climate change as priority on political agenda
18
Q
describe hyperglobalisers
A
argue that globalisation is a transformative force reshaping the world into a highly interconnected global system where nation states are less relevant and cooperation is central to tackling political and economic challenges
- argue tech advancements and expansion of global markets leads to decline of nation state dominance in global order
= machinery like computers, broadcasting tech, and phones make up largest part of Chinese exports
= approximately 1.65 trillion U.S. dollars in export value in 2023
- economic globalisation has eroded borders and created a global marketplace where capital and goods flow freely within regions
- global institutions are increasingly important
- globalisation can lift people out of poverty and spread democracy
= India opened up to global trade in 1990s= 45% poverty line in 1993 to around 10% by 2019 (World Bank estimates)
- EU transformed economies through economic integration and free movement of goods and people
- LIBERALS AGREE= economic interconnectedness reduces risks of conflict as countries share benefits of trade and spread liberal values across borders
- LIBERALS argue international organisations necessary to manage global challenges by spreading democracy and protecting HRs
19
Q
describe globalisation skeptics
A
- globalisation has worsened divisions between countries and is not new or transformative
= its significance has been overstated= UN and WTO have little power realistically as they’re used by powerful states as tools to advance their own interests, not true global cooperation - 2018 US-China trade war shows nation states remain key actors in global politics and IGOs have little power to control them
= despite years of economic integration, US and China engaged in trade conflict that resulted in tariffs and regulations
= undermines idea that globalisation inherently leads to harmony
= both countries want to protect own interest and sov instead of prioritising cooperation - REALISTS AGREE= nation state remains sov and most important global actor in world order
20
Q
describe transformationalists
A
- view globalisation as powerful force to reshape societies and economies
BUT don’t believe it makes nation-state irrelevant as states can adapt and maintain sovereignty - view globalisation as highly complex= impacts states unevenly as some may have sov reduced while others adapt and thrive in interconnected world e.g. US and China
- by integrating into trade networks and joining WTO in 2001, china experienced rapid economic growth yet no decline in state power
= used globalisation to its adv and strategically collaborated with MNCs and global institutions while asserting own sov and leveraging influence over other states as shown by the Belt and Road Initiative
21
Q
globalisation has undermined state sov
A
- economic globalisation removed state control over national economies
= rise of MNCs that operate across multiple borders, allow private entities like Apple and Amazon to hold substantial economic power as they provide many jobs and taxes to countries so if they move production, it threats domestic country
= have power to influence domestic policy in their interests= reducing gov’s control
= e.g. Apple set up it’s European headquarters in Ireland in exchange for favourable corporate tax rate of 12.6%
= arrangement led to legal battle with European Commission which ordered Ireland to recover 13 billion euros of unpaid taxes= proving MNC influence over gov policy - state’s economic progress is dependent on global markets outside of their control as they’re vulnerable to global fluctuations in trade etc
= 2008 financial crash originated in US but had worldwide consequences
= proves that interconnected markets can undermine state sov - global issues force cooperation through international institutions rather than being able to act unilaterally
= climate change led to 2015 parishes climate agreement where countries collectively tackle problem by reducing emissions
= COVID-19 highlighted need for global collab on vaccine distribution, travel restrictions and economic recovery plans - political globalisation has created international frameworks that limit state autonomy e.g. IGOS such as UN and EU set binding restrictions on trade, HRs, conflict resolution etc
= if states break rules their sov can be justifiably infringed
= e.g. Greece 2015 was sanctioned by EU for breaching CAP by providing unlawful subsidies to it’s farmers
= EU required Greece to repay 450 mil euros in misused funds= decreased internal sov - 2011 UN sanctioned military intervention in Libya under UN security resolution 1973 to protect civilians from HRs abuses of Gudafi regime
= authorised “all necessary measures” to protect civilians
= leading to international military campaign conducted by NATO forces
= shows UN sanctioned use of force, overriding Libya sov in order to uphold international humanitarian norms
= international law challenges sov by requiring compliance with global norms - weaker and poorer states sov is compromised due to their depdnece on foreign aid and global institutions
= during Eurozone crisis, Greece forced to accept austerity measures mandated by IMF= limiting ability to enact independent economic policies
= had to accept due to need for economic assistance
22
Q
globalisation hasn’t undermined sov
A
- states retain significant control over their national economies by using tools like tariffs and subsidies to protect their economies and national interests
= china is part of global market but maintains control over economic sectors like tech and state-owned enterprises
= March 2025, US imposed 25% tariff on all global steel and aluminium
= states retain power to regulate and protect their economies - states still have internal sov as they can control borders, regulate immigrants and favour interest in political negotiations
= Aus ‘Operation Sovereign Borders’ aims to prevent unauthorised illegal immigrants by using Aus Defence Force
= globalisation hasn’t eroded state’s capacity to regulate migration and territorial integrity - states choose to voluntarily participate in political globalisation by joining international organisations or agreements, but they can opt out or leave when they want to
= UK left EU= states can withdraw from supranational institutions to reclaim control over domestic policies like trade and immigration - not all states have ratified ICC treaty as major powers like US and China apt not to join
= reflect unwillingness to cede sov in matters of international justice - states have power to ignore rulings or recommendations from international bodies
= 2016, China rejected ruling by Permanent Court of Arbitration which invalidated it’s territorial claims in south china sea
= assert control over region despite international tribunal’s decision
= show willingness to defy global rulings in favour of national interest
= reflects REALIST opinion that international organisations hold limited real power over sov nations - globalisation has undermined sov of some states more than others
= powerful states can use economic power to shape global rules and bend globalisation to their adv to maintain control over domestic policy
= US exert influence in WTO through its successful push for intellectual property protections under TRIPS
23
Q
disadv of globalisation
A
- deepened global inequality with wealthier nations and MNCs benefiting disproportionately as poorer countries remain reliant on exporting raw materials and low wage labour
= rise of supply chains has led to a ‘race to the bottom’ where countries compete for cheap labour= worse working conditions etc
= average Indian monthly earnings around 32,000 rupees= approximately $369 USD vs US $6,676 per month - economic globalisation has left countries vulnerable to global market fluctuations
= 2008 financial crash where interconnected financial markets collapsed
= economic growth in emerging and developing economies dropped dramatically from 13.8% in 2007 to 6.1% in 2008, and it fell to 2.1% in 2009 - globalisation allowed dominance of MNCs which often exploit weaker states by pressuring Govs to act in favourable regulations or they will leave country and move jobs away
= Apple set up it’s European headquarters in Ireland in exchange for favourable corporate tax rate of 12.6% = arrangement led to legal battle with European Commission which ordered Ireland to recover 13 billion euros of unpaid taxes= proving MNC influence over gov policy
= erosion of state sov combined with concentration of wealth and power in fewer hands has worsened inequality and left countries dependent on external forces - industrialisation and expansion of global trade has worsened pollution, resource degradation and climate change
- international organisations like UN and IMF accused of imposing policies that primarily benefit powerful nations, leaving weaker nations with less influence
= after COVID-19, IMF issued $650 billion in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) to help countries recover
BUT
richer Western nations got bulk of the funds, while poorer nations received only small portions= African countries received less than 5% of SDR allocation, despite needing more financial support.
= US and EU had no restrictions on how they used their SDRs, while developing nations had strict conditions - IGOs have little power to control and influence states to uphold peace and protect HRs
= Isreal’s war on Gaza and Russias invasion of Ukraine which both violated international law - cultural globalisation has led to global monoculture as its eroded local cultures and promoted homogenisation
= critics argues cultural globalisation is form of americanisation= American culture of movies, music and consumer goods has disproportionally shaped global cultural norms
= western MNCs like McDonalds and Hollywood movies led to dilution of of local culinary practices and entertainment industries
= cultural narratives and traditions are shaped by global media cooperations rather than by local communities
= results in misrepresentation and cultural dilution
= Disney films moana and pochahontus criticised for misrepresenting indigenous cultures= commercialising their traditions for global audiences while oversimplifying their histories and beliefs
24
Q
globalisation reduces poverty
A
- economic globalisation leads to economic growth= reduces poverty by facilitating trade liberalisation and inwards FDI= boosted industrialisation and job creation
= 2000-2024, economy tripled in size= global GDP went from $33 trillion to $104 trillion
= extreme poverty reduced from 35% 1990 to 9% 2019 due to mass production in LEDCs= higher employment and exporting profits - political globalisation fostered global commitment to reduce poverty e.g. through international institutions like UN, IMF and WB which launch initiatives that aim to reduce poverty and enhance development
= MDGs set in 2000 aimed to halve global poverty by 2015
= SDGs launched in 2015 aimed to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030
= done by addressing structural issues like inequality, access to education and healthcare
= UN has cash transfer programs in Kenya and Bangladesh where WFP provides direct cash to poor families= allowing them to buy food, invest in businesses and improve SOL - modernisation theory states that globalisation has enhanced global economy and reduced poverty by spreading capitalism and free market principles
= capitalism increases free trade and FDI in order for LEDCs to move away from agriculture dependence
= China joined WTO in 2001= integrated it into global supply chains, making it a manufacturing hub= led china to become world’s second largest economy w GDP growth averaging over 10% annually over last 3 decades
= lifted more than 800 mil people out of extreme poverty= poverty rate fell form 88% in 1981 to less than 1% in 2019
25
globalisation hasn't reduced poverty
- economic globalisation has increased economic inequality and marginalisation
= led to increase in high income jobs for skilled workers while wages of low skilled workers have declined
= 2021, richest 1% of the global population controlled 38% of global wealth while poorest half held less than 2%
- urbanisation and industrialisation encouraged by globalisation led to displacement of rural communities= land is repurposed for commercial, industrial or agricultural ventures
= led to ruin of rural ways of life= pushed further poverty= unable to access adv of globalisation in same way of urban workers
= in India, more than 50 mil people displaced due to development projects
- led to a 'race to the bottom' in labour standards as companies move production to countries w cheap labour= result in low wages and poor working conditions
= according to ILO, 1.5 billion workers are in vulnerable employment that has poor working conditions
= cheap, manual labour has been outsourced to the 'global south' by richer, western countries= apple manufacture phones in India
= Foxconn has high rates of employee suicides in Chinese factory due to long hours and low pay= low SOL
- free market reforms under IMF e.g. SAPs have led to continued dependence of sub-saharan Africa on external financial aid
= 2023, 38% subsaharan Africa in extreme poverty
= IMF enforced reforms of privatisation and deregulation when imposing SAPS in 1980-1990s= led to poverty levels to increase from 49% in 1989 to over 80% in mid 1990s
26
globalisation has helped the environment
- political globalisation helped to coordinate global action against climate change through use of international treaties like Paris agreement and institutions like UN
= 2015 Paris agreement= commits states to to keep global temp rise below 2C
= 196 countries signed it
- been some recognition from developed countries about how they've caused climate change and how to tackle it
= COP29 Baku, Azerbaijan (2024)= G7 bloc demanded $1.3 trillion by 2035 from historic emitters like EU and US to pay towards green tech etc
- economic globalisation enabled development and distribution of green tech and renewable energy as global trade networks expanded
= promoted innovation of solar panels and electric cars etc
= china has become major producer of renewable energy tech @ low costs to make it more accessible worldwide
= global cost of solar energy dropped by nearly 90% since 2010 due to international trade and competition
- cultural globalisation has facilitated widespread awareness of environmental issues= rapid spread of info through social media and internet have given marginalised groups like the youth a voice and influence over issue
= Fridays for future (FFF) movement of Swedish climate activist ,greta Thunberg, led to school strikes of students worldwide= united young people from diverse regions like Africa, latin US and Asia= called for stronger and immediate action on climate change
= FFF was influential in COP26 conference= helped commit to net-zero emissions
= major corporations like amazon and Microsoft announced new climate goals like climate neutrality and adopting green energy initiatives
27
globalisation has worsened environment
- economic globalisation has led to increased CO2 emissions, pollution and resource degradation by MNCs and large corporations
= global supply chains are driven by profit and maxing trade= increased industrial production= led to high CO2 emissions from transportation and energy use
= IEA estimates between 1990-2018, global energy sector saw 50% increase in CO2 emissions driven by economic growth and global trade
- increased global demand for raw materials like oil, minerals and timber
= accelerated resource exploitation and deforestation
= estimated that1.4 billion trees are cut down in amazon annually due to demand for global demand for timber and soy
= habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity
- political globalisation has been ineffective in forcing nation states to make decisive action on tackling climate change due to nature of international agreements being voluntary not mandatory due to principle of wetphalisn sovereignty
= US and China failed to meet their nationally determined contributions under Paris agreement in 2017
= US initially committed to reducing emissions by 26-27% below 2005 levels by 2025 but political changes like US withdrawing hindered progress
- global political structures have been unable to overcome tensions between responsibility and accountability of developed vs developing states
= developed are historic causes of current crisis due to historical industrialisation rates yet been slow to make progress and mitigation as they place blame on developing countries
= US is biggest emitter per capita
= developing nations lack financial power to make these commitments and changes as they are reliant on manufacturing and industrialisation to run their economies= especially Asia
- COP26, developed states committed $100 bil to developing states but heavy criticisms over lack of follow-through since made in 2009
- despite protests, give and MNCs continue to prioritise economic growth over environment
= accusations of greenwashing where firms make superficial environmental claims without substantive changes
= BP rebranded as "Beyond Petroleum" and highlighted investments in renewable energy, yet still allocates most spending on oil and gas production
- gap between demands of social movements and outcomes of policies in 2021 COP26
= activists demanded immediate 'phase out' of coal production and use, stronger financial commitment to climate and to limit global temp rise to 1.7C
BUT= Glasgow pact only made "phase down" pledge and financial aid was far below requested $100 billion per year
28
globalisation has had positive impact on HRs
- political globalisation has set a basis for international HR law
= 1948 UDHR adopted by UN laid foundations for modern international HRs standards
- 1998 Rome statute created ICC which prosecutes individuals for crimes like genocide and crimes against humanity
- regional bodies like ECHR created legal forceable frameworks allowing individuals to bring cases forward against their Govs for HRs abuses
= covers 46 countries in Europe which protects HRs of 700 mil people
= 2015 Italy v Oliari case= court found Italy violated rights of same sex marriage couples by not providing them legal recognition for their relation
= help standardise HRs protections across borders= increasing accountability for violations and recourse for victims
- cultural globalisation has raised awareness of HRs norms and violations through spread of info and social movements
= global communication networks like social media have amplified voices of marginalised groups and HRs defenders
- awareness campaigns of amnesty international and HRs watch, along with grassroots movements like #MeToo and BLM movements have shined global spotlight on HRs issues= united ppl form diff religions and cultures across the world= shared commitment to justice and equality
29
globalisation hasn't always had positive impact on HRs
- humanitarian interventions can be driven by political or economic motives and interests rather than genuine humanitarian concerns= HOBBES and mearsheimer
- state sov obstructs effective interventions
= despite global outrage over china's treatment of uyghur population (reports that Uyghurs have been subjected to forced labor in factories and accused of trying to erase Uyghur culture and religion), international intervention was limited due to Chinese sov, economic power and veto on UNSC
- ICC criticised due to disproportionate focus on Africa= 47/54 individuals indicted by the ICC to date are African, despite global HRs violations
- most important and powerful nation states like US, Russia and China aren't members of ICC= limit ability to hold major global actors accountable
- economic globalisation's priority of profit has accelerated violations of HRs like exploitation of labour, erosion of minority groups and environmental degradation
= Rana Plaza crisis in Bangladesh= over 1,100 garment workers died in factory collapse= show human cost of globalised production chain
- globalisation has led to marginalisation of indigenous people as large scale production and industrial projects like mining and agriculture displace people
= large scale deforestation in brazil's Amazon rainforest due to soy production and cattle ranching= displaced indigenous locals= threatened livelihoods and heritage
30
globalisation has had positive effect on conflict
- economic globalisation fostered deeper ties between nations= more interdependent= less likely conflict
= EU shows that economic integration of single currency and trade has helped reduce conflict between historically conflicting nations like Germany and France
- political globalisation strengthened international institutions and diplomacy
= provide formal mechanisms for conflict resolution
= UN and ICJ facilitate dialogue between countries to prevent escalation into war= UNSC imposed sanctions and peace talks between 1980s Iran/iraq war
= helped w ceasefire in 1988 after UN Resolution 598
- UN intervenes in conflicts to protect HRs through peacekeeping missions
= 1999 East Timor, Un peacekeepers facilitated transition to independence after widespread violence= prevent further HRs abuses
- UN missions in Sierra Leone and Liberia helped secure peace agreements and end long-standing civil wars
= demonstrate global community's ability to coordinate humanitarian efforts that stabilise regions, protect HRs and build foundation for long lasting peace
31
globalisation has had negative impact on conflict
- international organisations have often failed to resolve or prevent major conflicts= ongoing Ukraine and Russia war despite March 2022, UNGA passed a resolution demanding that Russia immediately cease its military operations in Ukraine and withdraw its troops= non binding= didn't have to follow
- International intervention violated national sov and causes unintended consequences
= NATO's intervention Libya 2011, resulted in internal conflict and long term instability
