state exam flashcards
(257 cards)
1
Q
Reasons for police officer training
A
- It is mandated by state law
- provides officers with new knowledge and skills
- promotes safety and survival skills
- helps reduce errors and mistakes in performing critical law enforcement tasks while protecting the public
2
Q
A peace officer’s MAIN GOALS
A
- Prevent crime
- Preserve the peace
- Protect civil rights and liberties
- Provide services
- Enforce laws
2 pres, 2 pros and an E
3
Q
Identify the relationship between race, genetics, and physical characteristics
A
Race is a modern concept used to classify people by similar, observable physical characteristics
4
Q
The connection between ingroups, outgroups, and police legitimacy
A
SOME INDIVIDUALS interpret their encounters with police in terms of their group’s SOCIETAL POSITION
5
Q
What is individual racism?
A
Internalized unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race
6
Q
What is interpersonal racism?
A
- Occurs between individuals
- includes public expressions of racial prejudices and hate
7
Q
What are the components of biases?
A
- Stereotypes
- Attitudes
- Prejudices
SAP
8
Q
What does the crime triangle consist of?
A
- Desire
- Opportunity
- Victim
DOV
9
Q
What is the PURPOSE of the Bill of Rights?
A
Prevent the government from interfering in protected rights
10
Q
What are the major components of the Criminal Justice System (CJS)?
A
- Law enforcement
- Courts
- Corrections
11
Q
What are the GOALS/LEVELS of sentencing?
A
- Punish the offender
- rehabilitate the offender
- Protect society
- Restore the victim
12
Q
What is police legitimacy?
A
- It exists when the public views the police as authorized to exercise power to maintain social order
- manage conflicts
solve problems in the community (how the public views the police)
13
Q
What should be considered when exercising discretion?
A
Use sound judgment
(Referring a homeless person to a shelter rather than issuing a citation or arresting)
14
Q
What is permissible when filming police?
A
When there is one party consent, it is in public and does not interfere with the officer’s duties
15
Q
off duty Situations
A
Be a good witness
16
Q
What does bias-based profiling mean?
A
It has the same meaning as racial profiling and illegal profiling
- The factors of race/ethnicity and bias towards that race are initiating factors for LE interventions
17
Q
What is criminal profiling based on?
A
Observed behaviors and characteristics
18
Q
What are common characteristics of explicit and implicit biases?
A
- Everyone possesses them
- They have real-world effects on behavior
19
Q
What are explicit biases?
A
Conscious preference for a social category (positive or negative)
20
Q
What are implicit biases?
A
Preferences based on stereotypes or attitudes that operate outside of awareness
- tend to develop early in life
21
Q
What are the two modes of thinking?
A
- System one
- System two
22
Q
What is system one thinking characterized by?
A
Automatic thinking, very fast, survival-oriented
- protective mechanisms
23
Q
What is system two thinking characterized by?
A
More deliberative and slower
24
Q
What are generally accepted ethical responsibilities?
A
Found in codes of ethics and professional codes of conduct
25
Who are ethical responsibilities owed to?
- Your community and its citizens
- The law enforcement profession
- Your agency
- Your family
- Yourself
26
What are external influences on behavior?
- Relationships with friends and family
- Local citizens
- Local media
- Department regulations
- Interdepartmental politics
- Police subculture
27
What are internal influences on behavior?
- Anger
- Greed
- Lust
28
What is the continuum of compromise?
- Transformation from idealists
- ethical officers to self-serving unethical officers is typically a subtle process ( you start to slip)
29
What does the PLUS filter stand for?
- Policies
- Legal
- Universal
- Self
30
What is the use of field notes?
- Preservation of knowledge in written form
- Foundation of the formal written report
- Evidence in court **
- Documentation of the officer's efforts in the field
31
What are the guidelines to be followed when taking field notes?
- Head notebook with day and time of shift
* Do not place information from one incident on the same page as another
- Write or print neatly
- Let victims and witnesses talk before note-taking
- Ask clarifying follow-up questions
- Be as complete as possible
32
What are the requirements of a well-written report?
- Complete**
- Factual**
- Concise**
- Clear**
- Accurate
- Objective
- Grammatically and mechanically correct**
33
What are the general elements of a crime?
- A prohibited act (actus reus)
- Specific mental intent (mens rea)
- Concurrence
- Causation
34
What does 'purposely' mean in criminal intent?
Specific intention to cause a certain result
35
What does 'knowingly' mean in criminal intent?
The person's conduct will probably cause a certain result
36
What does 'recklessly' mean in criminal intent?
Heedless indifference
37
What does 'negligently' mean in criminal intent?
Lapse of due care
38
What is the R.C. 2923.02 offense of attempt to commit an offense?
Purposely or knowingly, if successful
39
What is the purpose of the Fourth Amendment?
Guarantee rights relating to arrests, searches, and seizures
right ass person
40
What is reasonable suspicion?
The suspect may be seized and detained for a brief investigation
41
What is probable cause?
The suspect may be arrested
42
What does 'proof beyond a reasonable doubt' mean?
The suspect may be convicted of the crime and punished
43
When is a person considered to be seized?
When a reasonable person believes they are not free to leave
44
What might indicate a seizure even if the person did not attempt to leave the area?
- The threatening presence of several officers
-displaying weapons by the officers
- Physical touching
- Restricting the subject's freedom of movement
- The manner of questioning
45
When can an officer use the rationale from Terry to detain a person?
Upon reasonable articulable suspicion that criminal activity was being planned or was in the process of being executed
46
What is required for an officer to make an investigatory stop?
Reasonable articulable suspicion, the officer reasonably suspects that a crime is about to be committed or is being committed
47
What are the requirements for a Terry pat-down/frisk?
Articulate a reasonable belief that the suspect is armed and poses a threat
48
What is the plain feel doctrine?
Immediately apparent
49
What is the evidentiary standard for an arrest?
An arrest must be made on probable cause
50
When are the elements of probable cause to arrest satisfied?
The officer is aware of (articulable facts and circumstances sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed and the person about to be arrested committed that unlawful act)
51
What sources can establish probable cause for a warrantless arrest?
- Reports from other officers or LE agencies
- Physical evidence found at the scene
- Past criminal record of the suspect**
- Statements made by a suspect**
52
What is curtilage?
Carries the same Fourth Amendment protection as the home
53
What are open fields in relation to the Fourth Amendment?
Carries no Fourth Amendment protection
54
What factors are considered for a reasonable inventory of a motor vehicle?
- The car was legally impounded
- Inventory conducted after impoundment
- The owner was not present
- Prompted by valuables in plain view
55
What is active resistance?
- Exhibits resistive movements to avoid physical control
- lying on their hands and not responding to commands
- presents a credible threat
56
What is passive resistance?
- Exhibits no resistive movements in response to commands
- Failing to exit a vehicle
- possesses no safety threat
57
What is considered unreasonable force?
Unduly tight
58
What is the civil liability for using force against those with diminished capacity or mental illness?
Courts ruled that the diminished capacity of an unarmed suspect must be taken into account
- nonconfrontational and less authoritative manner
59
What indicates an immediate threat?
- Likelihood of a weapon's presence
- Capability of the weapon's proximity
- Exposure of the officer or others
60
What are the steps in preparing for court?
- Ensure all evidence is accounted for
- Safely secure evidence
- Evidence obtained prior to court
- Contact the prosecutor
- Review notes and reports
61
What are traditional media sources?
- TV
- Radio
- Print sources
- digital accounts
62
What are non-traditional media sources?
Citizen journalists
63
Why is effective communication with the media important?
- Influences public perception
- The media provides a quick way to reach large audiences
64
What guidelines should officers follow when interacting with the media?
- Prepare to talk with little opportunity
- Be familiar with agency policies and procedures
- Provide the same information to all media outlets
65
What should be avoided when giving a statement?
- Distracting mannerisms
- Lack of eye contact
- Angry tone
66
What are the four dimensions of a whole person?
- Physical
- Mental
- Emotional
- Spiritual
67
What are the elements of domestic violence per R.C. 2919.25?
- Knowingly cause physical harm to a family or household member
- Recklessly cause physical harm
68
What are the four steps to determine the primary aggressor in domestic violence?
- Fear
- Injury
- Self-defense
- History
FISH
69
What is a TPO (temporary protection order)?
- After charges
- Any offense of violence
- Any sexually oriented offense
- Criminal damaging/endangering, criminal mischief, burglary, aggravated trespass
- Municipal court, family, or household member
70
What is a DVTPO (dating violence temporary protection order)?
- In effect for the length of the criminal case
- removes the suspect from the residence
71
What is a CRPO (criminal protection order)?
- Assault, menacing, aggravated trespassing, sexually oriented offense
- Condition of pre-trial release
- Municipal court, non-family or household member
72
What is a CPO (civil protection order)?
- Before charges
- Effect up to five years
- Ex parte/final
- Obtained through the domestic relations/common pleas court
- Charges have not been filed
73
What is a DTCPO (dating violence civil protection order)?
- Is or was in a dating relationship within 12 months **
- Respondent has to be an adult (both have to be adults)
- 4 months dating, 12 months preceding
- Romantic or intimate nature **
74
What is an SSOOPO (stalking or sexually oriented offense protection order)?
- Stalking and sexually oriented offenses
- Non-family or household members
- Common Pleas Court
- Whether or not criminal charges have been filed
- Until a date certain but not longer than 5 years
75
What factors coupled with mental illness increase the risk of violence?
- History of violence
- Substance abuse or dependence
- Young male **
- Recent personal stress
76
What are eight techniques for active listening?
- Emotional labeling
- Reflecting/mirroring
- Paraphrasing
- Summarizing
- Silence
- Minimal encouragement
- Open-ended questions
- 'I' messages
77
What does LEAPS stand for?
- Listen
- Empathize
- Ask
- Paraphrase
- Summarize
78
What does EAR stand for?
- Engage
- Assess
- Resolve
79
What behaviors should be avoided in de-escalation?
- Sudden movements
- Maintaining eye contact
- Expressing anger
- Assuming
- Sarcasm
- Lying
80
What does the LOSS model stand for?
- Loss of reality
- Loss of hope
- Loss of control
- Loss of perspective
81
What indicates a loss of reality?
- Frightened or confused
- Difficulty in concentrating
- Delusions or hallucinations **
- hearing voices **
82
What indicates a loss of hope?
- Overwhelmed, crying, in despair
- Suicidal talking/gestures**
- experiencing a recent loss
83
What indicates a loss of control?
- Angry, irritable, hostile
- Manipulative, impulsive, destructive
84
What indicates a loss of perspective?
- Anxious, worried, nervous
- Feeling panicked
- Shaking or discomfort, chest pain, trembling
- overly energetic, mood swings**
85
What does the lethality assessment (suicidal intent) LAST stand for?
- Lethality
- Timing
- Availability
- Specificity
86
What legal considerations should be taken when taking someone into emergency custody?
- Provide name, title, agency
- Not under arrest
- Taken for examination by a mental health professional
- written statement
87
What are the types of child abuse represented by PENS?
- Physical
- Emotional
- Sexual
- Neglect
88
What is physical abuse?
- An act of commission by a parent or caregiver
- resulting in harm or is intended to cause harm
89
What is neglect?
- An act of omission
- pattern of unsafe or inadequate care
90
What is sexual abuse?
Engaging in sexual activities with children
91
What is emotional abuse?
- Damaging interactions between parents/caregivers that repeated
- results in feeling unwanted, unloved, or worthless
92
Under ORC, when can an officer remove a child from their caregiver?
- When there are reasonable grounds to believe the child has been abused or neglected
- conduct or conditions
- The surroundings are endangering the health, welfare, or safety of the child
93
What are the responsibilities of an agency in a missing child's case?
- Immediately respond to the report
- No waiting period for reporting
- Enter into NCIC immediately
- Notify neighboring agencies and the FBI if under 12
94
What is the initial officer's responsibility in a missing child report?
- Conduct the preliminary interview
- Verify that the child is missing
- Secure a recent photo
95
What is the responsibility of the officer in a preliminary interview for a family abduction, missing child case?
- Obtain information
- Determine custody rights
- Confirm the suspected family member as the actual abductor
- Determine if the child is in danger
96
What should be done when interviewing a runaway or throwaway child?
Build rapport and ask open-ended questions
97
What criteria must be met to activate an AMBER ALERT?
- Child is under 18
- Credible threat of immediate danger and death
- Determine that the child is not a runaway
- suspect and vehicle description **
98
What criteria must be met to activate an endangered missing adult alert?
- Under 18
- The child is lost or a non-witnessed/ non-confirmed abduction
- Unknown whereabouts
- just the child's description **
99
What must be done for a missing person aged 18 to 21?
- The report must be taken
- Immediately obtained in the initial report, but must be entered into NCIC immediately
- Additional information must be added to the NCIC immediately
100
What are the criteria for activating an endangered missing adult alert?
- 65 years or older
- Must have a mental impairment or developmental disability
101
What criteria warrant a blue alert?
- LEO has been seriously injured or killed, or is missing while on duty
- Warranting a concern for their safety
- Sufficient descriptive information on the suspect/circumstances surrounding the injury or death, or disappearance
102
Who is at risk of being trafficked?
- Runaways/throwaways
- Foreign-born persons
- Migrant workers
- Drug addicts
- Mental disabilities
- Prior trauma
- Unstable home environments
103
What are the two types of human trafficking?
- Involuntary
- Sex
104
involuntary servitude
labor trafficking
105
What constitutes human trafficking?
Actions + means + purpose
106
Why might victims of human trafficking not leave their situations?
- Fear of the perp
- Isolation
- restricted/controlled movements
- Fear of law enforcement
- Fear of the alternative
107
What are red flag indicators of human trafficking?
- One person speaks for all persons
- Only one person speaks English
- Unrelated passengers/ unrelated juvenile passengers
- Inappropriately dressed for the weather or their ages
108
what do victims of human trafficking do during the interview
- remain silent and fearful
- project anger and aggression
109
What should be considered when interviewing victims of human trafficking?
Minimize fear and build trust
110
At what age can juvenile court maintain jurisdiction over a youth's case?
- Until their 21st birthday
- Parents do not have to be notified
111
What are federal and Ohio juvenile holding violations?
- status/ non-offender is held securely
- An adjudicated delinquent is held for more than 6 hours
- Is not sight and sound separated from adults (not mandated to have parents present, school report can be used as your own)
- Minor offender held for 3 hours, holds minor violations, status offender, non-offender 3 hours
112
What statutory rights are provided to victims of crimes under Ohio law?
An explanation of victims' rights under R.C. 2930
113
Who do victim rights extend to under the Ohio Constitution?
The person against whom the criminal offense or delinquent act is committed, or a person who is directly and proximately harmed
114
What are primary injuries in criminal cases?
- Death or disfigurement
- Financial loss
- Emotional trauma and reactions
115
What are the secondary injuries that victims may face?
* Injustice
* Indignities
* Isolation
116
What feelings can lead to a sense of injustice for victims?
- Believing the system has let them down or doesn't really care
- Believing the officer doesn't believe them
117
What indignities might victims experience?
Having to repeat sordid details several times and maybe in public
118
What is one way victims may experience isolation?
Lack of follow-up, failing to keep the victim informed
119
What are the four core needs most victims have after a crime?
- Safety
- Healing
- Justice
- Restitution
120
Define consent
Willingly and freely participating
121
What does compliance mean?
Going along with it
122
What is coercion?
Submitting due to manipulation or verbal pressure
123
List reasons why a victim may delay or fail to report a rape or sexual assault.
- Still suffering from trauma
- Knew the perpetrator
- Is intimidated
- Self-blame
124
What should be offered to a victim during a preliminary sexual assault interview?
The option to have an advocate or support person present
Ask about strangulation (delayed symptoms)
125
What does SANE stand for?
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner and Advocate
126
The Smith system in driving?
- Aim high in driving
- keep your eyes moving
- get the big picture
- leave yourself an out
- make sure others see you (headlights during day)K
127
What are the dynamics of steering related to driving?
- Countersteering
- Understeering
- Oversteering
128
What steering methods are considered acceptable?
- Shuffle steering
- Hand over hand
- Evasive steering
129
dynamics of braking
- Brake fade**
- Front wheel lock up
- All-wheel lockup
- Rear wheel lock up
130
What are acceptable backing methods for vehicles?
- Backing in a straight line if possible**
- Turn the body to the right, look over the right shoulder, and look through the rear window if possible
- Check mirrors and the front of the vehicle
- Keep the speed constant
131
What route should an officer select when responding to an emergency?
The quickest, most direct route
132
How should an officer clear an intersection
- Allow for others to adjust to the LE vehicle's approach
- Adjust your speed
- Clear from the left, front, and right
- Look for additional emergency response vehicles
- Change the siren pattern
- Use a lane-by-lane clearing approach
- A complete stop may be the safest option
133
What are ways to reduce injury or property damage when a collision is imminent?
- Avoid a collision taking place in the driver's quarters
- Try to strike at an angle
- Maintain steering and braking
- Look through the collision for a clear path of travel**
- Steer to the rear**
134
What are alternatives to a continuous vehicle pursuit?
- Aircraft involvement
- Investigate later
- A suspect may come to you
- Termination techniques with additional training
135
Define proactive patrol.
Working to prevent crimes rather than waiting for them to occur
136
What considerations should be made when dispatched to a crime in progress?
- Urgency
- Safety of any victims
- Traffic conditions
- Agency policy
- Arrive as quietly as possible, do not park directly in front of the location
137
What are the main responsibilities when responding to a crime in progress?
- Respond to the incident in the safest and most tactically sound manner
- Secure the scene**
- Preliminary investigation
138
What are signs of a relaxed dog?
- Weight carried evenly
- Body wiggle
- Relaxed tail and wagging
- Ears are in a neutral position
- The mouth is soft, and the tongue is hanging out
139
What behaviors indicate a defensively threatening dog?
- Snarling
- Exposed belly, one paw up
- Goosebumps (piloerection)
140
What characteristics define an offensively threatening dog?
- The body is hard and stiff
- Tail carried high
- Ears are forward and erect
- The top lip is pulled up
141
What is the only chemical weapon that can be highly effective against a dog?
OC
142
What is considered lethal force on a dog?
- The companion animals do not, themselves, independently have legal rights
- The use of force against a companion animal is considered a seizure under the 4th amendment, subject to the reasonableness standard
143
What two factors should an officer consider when responding to a building search?
- Sound decision-making
- Proper threat assessment
- do not respond faster than you can process the information and make good decisions
144
What is cover in a tactical context?
Protection from gunfire (e.g., a brick wall)
145
What is concealment in a tactical context?
Protects from being observed but does not protect from gunfire (e.g., a bush)
146
What are the two most common methods in which an officer may be injured or killed during an officer-initiated contact?
- Felonious assault
- Crash
147
What are the two legal foundations for making a vehicle stop?
- Unknown risk
- High risk
148
Define unknown risk in the context of vehicle stops.
A vehicle stop that has an unknown potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash
149
Define high risk in the context of vehicle stops.
Has a high potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash
150
What is the most crucial component of officer-initiated contact?
The officer is constantly assessing and reassessing the threat level for factors that may appear or change
151
What are the two approach patterns for an officer during a traffic stop?
- Left side walk-up
- Right side walk-up
152
What three main things should officers control during a traffic stop? In this order
- Keys
- Hands
- Eyes
153
List reasons why vehicles are stolen.
- Joyriding or transportation***
- To commit other crimes
- Theft for profit or commercial theft***
- The owner gives up
154
What are indicators associated with stolen vehicles?
- Abnormal driver behavior
- A dirty plate on a clean car
- The license plate is placed over the top of another
- Broken or missing glass
- Pry marks
- Punctured locks
155
What methods can be used to establish a vehicle's identity?
- The license plate matches the registration
- The registration must match the VIN
- Must be easily readable without moving any part of the vehicle except the outer door
- Must be affixed to a hinge pillar, door latch post, or door edge that meets the door latch post
- PA has to do with the VIN (federal considerations)
156
What are common methods thieves use to defeat the federal certification label on a vehicle?
- Removal and application of a different label from a donor car
- Alteration of the existing label
- Replacement with a counterfeit label
157
What criteria must be met to recognize criminal gangs and members?
- Recurrent interactions
- Organization/structure/leadership
- Unity and signs of unity
- Pattern of criminal gang activity
158
What traits do members of a criminal gang usually share?
- Group name
- Symbols, tattoos, graffiti
- Styles of dress
- Frequent congregation at a specific location
159
When can information obtained by LEADS be shared?
For criminal justice purposes only
160
What is the severity of crime for misuse of the LEADS system?
Felony of the 5th degree
161
What is a strip search?
Inspection of a naked individual without scrutinizing the subject's body cavities
162
What are the basic requirements for a body cavity search?
- Must obtain a search warrant
- Must be conducted under sanitary conditions
- Permits only the person being searched and the persons conducting the search to observe
- Must be performed by a medical professional
163
What major items must an officer alert for during a medical/mental health screening?
- Suicidal thoughts or plans
- Assaultive behaviors
- Use of electronic weapons or less lethal force
164
What are four causes of illegible fingerprints?
- Failure to produce focal points
- Allowing the fingers to slip or thrust
- Failure to clean the finger and equipment of foreign substances and perspiration
- Insufficient ink
165
How should OHLEG be utilized?
For LE or criminal justice purposes only and not for personal use or gain
166
What does 2913.04 outline regarding unauthorized use of OHLEG?
Identified in the Ohio Revised Code Division D3 as a felony of the 5th degree
167
What is the balance between the 1st amendment rights and the need to protect public safety and property?
Does not protect against unlawful, violent, or destructive behaviors
- The goal is to protect lawful activities while identifying and isolating unlawful behavior
168
Define MOB behavior.
Persons under the stimulus of intense excitement and agitation; a collection of people assembled for an unlawful purpose intending to do damage or injury to anyone
169
What are basic concepts/tools of perimeter crowd control?
- Linear strategy
- Cordoning
- Sectoring
170
What are the uses for a mobile field force?
- Control unruly crowds
- Seal off problem areas
- Rescue citizens/officers from crowds
- Clear an area of hostile individuals
- Apprehend multiple offenders
171
What color code is associated with HC?
Color code yellow (smoke)
172
What color code is associated with CS?
Color code blue (gas)
173
What color code is associated with OC?
Color code orange (pepper spray)
174
the ROLE of a police officer regarding traffic enforcement and investigation
- traffic enforcement
- traffic investigation
175
What are the primary reasons for traffic enforcement?
- Reduce traffic collisions
- Their resulting injuries
- Facilitate the safe and expedient flow of vehicular and pedestrian traffic
176
What are the classifications for motor vehicle offenses
- Motor vehicle offenses: .01 of each chapter in ORC
177
Moving violations
4511
178
speed limits, assured clear distance ahead
4511.21
179
drivers licence suspension (take the test again)
4510
180
motor vehicle crimes
4549
181
What are the priorities in protecting the scene of a crash?
- Protect the crash victims and first responders
- Check for injuries (cover up the deceased victims)
182
What is classified as a motor vehicle accident?
Injury or damage ***
- involving one or more motor vehicles, where one vehicle is in transport
183
What is contact damage?
Caused by direct contact with an object that is not a part of the vehicle
184
What is induced damage?
Occurs when part of the vehicle is displaced
185
What information must an officer relay to a defendant concerning the defendant's failure to appear in court?
The defendant's driver's license or commercial driver's license will be suspended
186
When may an officer arrest, rather than issue a citation, for a minor misdemeanor?
- The offender requires medical care/ unable to provide for his or her own safety
- The offender will not or cannot offer satisfactory proof of their identity
- Refuses to sign the citation
187
What does 2921.331(A) state regarding traffic control?
No person shall fail to comply with any lawful order or direction of any police officer invested with authority to direct, control, or regulate traffic
188
What methods of controlling traffic should be used?
- Look at and point directly at the driver
- Give clear direction by using arm movements
- Make certain traffic is stopped before starting traffic in another direction
- Wild arm gestures and shouting may confuse nervous drivers
189
What is the primary responsibility of the first responder to a crime scene?
- Officer safety
- Rendering aid
- Securing the scene
- Outer perimeter
- Interacting with witnesses
190
Define contamination in a crime scene context.
The transfer of outside material to the scene (e.g., a hair from a first responder)
191
What is cross-contamination?
The transfer of material between evidence (e.g., victim's clothes in the same bag as the suspect's)
192
What are class characteristics in forensic evidence?
Compared with a group shared by all members of its class (e.g., tire tread patterns)
193
What are individual characteristics in forensic evidence?
A scratch or gouge in a bullet; wear pattern
194
Describe the chain of custody.
Labeling evidence
195
What information must be shown on an evidence tag/bag?
- Report case number
- Thorough description of the item
- Type of crime
196
What should first responders ensure before collecting a device that may contain digital evidence?
- The scene is secured and documented
- Legal authority exists to seize the evidence
- Appropriate personal protective equipment is used
197
What is the method to preserve digital evidence from computers?
- Collect forensic evidence (DNA, fingerprints)
- Photograph the surrounding area
- Photograph the front and back, and the cord connected to the device
- If the computer is off, leave it off and do not power it on
198
What should be done if the computer is a laptop?
- Unplug from the power source
- Remove the battery if possible
- Attempt to force a shutdown
199
What should be done with dumb phones (flip phones) during evidence collection?
- Power off
- Remove the battery
- Place in an evidence bag
- Document the chain of custody
200
What should be done with smart devices (iPhones) if powered off?
Leave it off; power off if airplane mode is unavailable
201
What are the perspectives or viewpoints for crime scene photography?
- Overall or establishing shots***
- Corners and side approach
- Mid-range or evidence establishing shots**
- Close-up shots**
202
What are the cardinal rules of crime scene photography?
- Fill the frame
- Maximize the depth of the field
- Keep the lens perpendicular to the subject
203
What are reasons for tracing stolen property?
- May reveal the perpetrator
- May reveal other investigative leads
- May reveal other crimes
- Recovery for the victims
204
What sources of information can be used for tracing stolen property?
- Department records
- Surrounding jurisdiction
- Owner/victim
- LEADS/ NCIC
- Retailers
- Auto dealers
- Commercial / Subscription databases
- Confidential informants
- Junkyard/salvage dealers
205
What resources can be used for establishing the value of stolen property?
* IROBO
- Internet resources
- Retailers
- Owner/victims
- Bank loan departments
- Ohio Revised Code
206
What are indicators of stimulant use?
- Talkative
- Euphoria
- Exaggerated reflexes
- Anxiety
- Bruxism (grinding of the teeth)**
- Body tremors
207
What paraphernalia is associated with cocaine use?
- Small mirrors, razor blades**
- Push rods (coat hangers)
- Short plastic straws
- Tire pressure gauges
208
What paraphernalia is associated with methamphetamine use?
- Straws
- Pipes
- Needles
- MSM**
209
What are general indicators of depressant use?
- Drunken behavior**
- Drowsy
- Sluggish
- Disoriented
- Thick, slurred speech
210
What are general indicators of narcotic use?
- On the nod***
- Depressed reflexes
- Dry mouth
- Low raspy speech
- Fresh puncture marks
211
What paraphernalia is associated with heroin use?
- Small knotted balloons**
- Syringes, cotton swabs
- Bindles
- Small containers of water
212
What are general indicators of hallucinogen use?
- Hallucinations**
- Body tremors
- Paranoia
- Goosebumps (piloerection)
213
What are general indicators of marijuana use?
- Odor of marijuana**
- Difficulty in dividing attention**
- Bloodshot eyes
214
What paraphernalia is associated with marijuana use?
- Blunt**
- Coach clips**
- Stash cans**
- Rolling papers, deodorizers
- Incense, blunt wrapper papers
215
What are general indicators of dissociative anesthetic use (PCP)?
- Warm to the touch**
- Muscle rigidity**
- Violent and combative behaviors
- Blank stare
216
What are general indicators of inhalant use?
- Residue of substance on hands, face, or clothing**
- Possible nausea**
- Slurred speech
- Confusion
217
What methods are utilized for manufacturing methamphetamines in Ohio?
- One pot / shake n bake**
- Red phosphorus
- Birch reduction
- Conversion lab
218
What are general indicators of a meth lab?
- Containers with tubes or hoses attached**
- Containers with layers of both liquid and solids
219
What are officers responsible for regarding clandestine labs?
- Identify what appears to be the components of a lab
- they are not responsible for positive identifications
220
What methods can be used for lineups?
- Show up
- Photo lineup
- Live lineup
221
Define a show up in the context of lineups.
A suspect is shown singly to a witness
222
Define a photo lineup.
A procedure in which an array of photographs is displayed to an eyewitness
223
Define a live lineup.
A procedure in which a group of persons is displayed to an eyewitness
224
What constitutes illegal gambling in Ohio?
Any gambling that is required to be licensed or regulated by the state and is being conducted without that license or regulation
225
Why should surveillance be conducted?
- To aid in the apprehension of wanted persons or suspects
- To prevent the commission of a crime
226
What are methods of surveillance?
- Mobile - foot
- Mobile - vehicle
227
What are techniques of surveillance?
- Shadowing
- Paralleling
- Leapfrog
228
interrogation
Formal, systematic, or intensive questioning by the police of persons arrested or suspected of committing a crime
229
interview
Questioning of victims, witnesses or other persons with information related to an incident or a case
230
How can rapport be established with a subject?
Offer the subject the ability to choose the time of the interview
231
What are the purposes of interrogation?
- To obtain information relevant to an investigation
- To discover additional evidence relevant to an investigation or establish innocence
- To obtain accurate and truthful information which may or may not lead to a confession or an admission
232
What factors should be considered in determining if an individual is in custody?
Whether or not the suspect is free to leave
233
Under what two conditions is an officer required to read the Miranda warning to a suspect?
- If the suspect is in custody AND
-The suspect is subject to interrogation or questioning
234
The standard against which a waiver will be judged when an arrested person waives their Miranda rights
Statements were given knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.
235
What does 'fruits of the poisonous tree' refer to?
Evidence that is obtained illegally.
236
When can police further question a suspect who has previously invoked their Miranda rights?
- If there is a break in custody for interrogation purposes.
- police may initiate further questioning of a suspect 14 days after release from custody **
237
What is the public safety exception to the Miranda warning?
- Statements elicited from a defendant **
- Officers do not recite the Miranda warning before asking questions if the officer's safety or the safety of others is in jeopardy
238
What is eustress?
Good stress that is short-lived.
239
What is distress?
Bad stress that may be short or long-lived.
240
What is critical incident stress?
Any event that has a stressful impact sufficient to overwhelm the usually effective coping skills.
241
What is cumulative stress?
Stress arousal that builds up over time, potentially leading to mental exhaustion.
- You can manage cumulative stress
242
List individual approaches to stress management.
- Manage responsibilities**
- Have a balanced lifestyle**
- Take time for yourself
- Humor**
- Self-awareness
243
What are the two types of exposure to hazardous materials?
- Acute
- Chronic
244
Define acute exposure.
A dose received in a short period of time.
245
Define chronic exposure.
A long-term or recurring dose.
246
What acronym helps remember the basic description of hazardous materials?
ISHP (Identification number, Shipping name, Hazard class, Packing group).
247
What is an explosive device?
Any device designed to cause physical harm by means of an explosion.
- any pressure vessel that has been knowingly tampered with or arranged to explode
248
What is an incendiary device?
Any firebomb or device specifically adapted to cause physical harm by means of fire.
249
What are the critical components of an IED?
- Power
- Initiator
- Explosive main charge
- Switch
- Container
PIES-C
250
What are the explosive effects of an IED?
- Thermal
- Blast
- Fragmentation
251
What are common methods used to initiate an IED?
- Time
- Victim
- Command initiated
252
What are the three types of bomb search teams?
- Occupant team (most common)
- Supervisory
- Trained
253
What are the elements of terrorism?
- Commit a specific offense to intimidate or coerce a civilian population
- Influence government policy by intimidation or coercion
254
What beliefs are common among sovereign citizen extremists?
- They may call themselves freemen or common law citizens
- They believe the government has no authority over them
255
What indicators and behaviors require additional information during an investigation?
- Materials acquisition
- Storage
256
What is a hunch
Interactions must be consensual
257
21 or older if foul play is suspected
entered into NCIC within 7 days
