State Final Flashcards
(527 cards)
1
Q
What is anatomy
A
study of Structure (form)
1
Q
What is Physiology
A
study of function
1
Q
outermost layer of uterus
A
perimetrium
2
Q
What is Anatomy and Physiology
A
is the study of form and function (A comes before P in the alphabet; FOrm comes before FUnction in the alphabet also)
2
Q
smooth muscle tissue for expansion and contraction
A
myometrium
3
Q
What is the first level of body organization from least complicated to most, and an example
A
Chemical; Calcium, VItamin C, etc
3
Q
layer shed during menstruation; layer used for implantation of blastocyst
A
endometrium
4
Q
What is the second level of body organization from least complicated to most, and an example
A
Cellular, Muscle Fiber
4
Q
what are the two cycles of ovulation
A
menstrual cycleovarian cycle
5
Q
What is the third level of body organization from least complicated to most, and an example
A
Tissue, Muscle
5
Q
series of changes in endometrium
A
menstrual cycle
6
Q
What is the fourth level of body organization from least complicated to most, and an example
A
Organ; Heart, Liver, Spleen, etc
6
Q
series of changes associated with the maturation of an ovum
A
Ovarian cycle
7
Q
What is the firth level of body organization from least complicated to most, and an example
A
Organ System; Cardiovascular; Endocrine, Muscular, etc
7
Q
what are the hormones secreted by the ovaries
A
estrogen progesterone relaxininhibin
8
Q
What is the sixth level of body organization from least complicated to most, and an example
A
Organism; Human Body
8
Q
is the hormone responsible for development and maintenance of the female reproductive systemfluid and electrolyte balance blood calcium and bone density levelsprotein anabolism
A
Estrogen
9
Q
What is the levels of body organization from least complicated to most
A
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism (CC TOO)
9
Q
Estrogen is responsible for
A
development and maintenance of the female reproductive systemfluid and electrolyte balance blood calcium and bone density levelsprotein anabolism
10
Q
All chemical process in the body are called
A
metabolism
10
Q
is the hormone responsible for maturation and preparing and maintain uterine lining
A
Progesterone
11
Q
the build or creation of chemical processes is called
A
Anabolism(This is just a game of word elements; identify the prefix ana- means: against, UP, back)
11
Q
the hormone that relaxes pubic symphysis, dilates cervix for delivery
A
relaxin
12
Q
The breakdown of chemical process is called
A
Catabolism (This is just a game of word elements; identify the prefix cata- means: down)
12
Relaxin is responsible for
relaxes pubic symphysisdilates cervix for delivery
13
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line: Anterior
Posterior (Back)
13
production of sperm
spermatogenesis
14
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line: Posterior
Anterior (Front)
14
production of eggs
Oogenesis
15
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line: Medial
Lateral (Toward the side)
15
union of sperm with egg
fertilization
16
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line: Lateral
Medial (Towards the mid-line)
16
fertilized egg
Zygote
17
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line: Proximal
Distal (Farthest from the origin)
17
morula
16 cells in a mass
18
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line: Distal
Proximal (Closest to the origin)
18
attaches to endometrium
blastocyst
19
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line: Superficial
Deep (far from the surface)
19
blastocyst inserts itself into lining
implantation
20
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line: Deep
Superficial (close to the surface)
20
first eight weeks of conception
embryo
21
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line: Superior
Inferior (Below a specific origin)
21
eights weeks of conception until birth
Fetus
22
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line: Inferior
Superior (Above a specific origin)
22
How many stages of labor are there
three
23
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line: Adduction
Abduction (movement away from the mid-line)
23
what is stage one of labor
dilation and effacement of cervix
24
define the opposite directional term with relation to the mid-line Abduction
Adduction (towards the mid-line)
24
what are the two process of dilation and effacement of the cervix
amniotic sac rupturesdilate cervix to 10 cm
25
The Sagittal plane cuts the body into
Right and left sides
25
what is stage two of labor
birth and delivery through vaginal canal or cesarean section
26
The Mid-Sagittal plane cuts the body into
EQUAL Right and left sides
26
what is stage three of labor
placental expulsion
27
The Transverse/Horizontal plane cuts the body into
top and bottom halfs
27
what are the three stages of Labor
1. dilation and effacement of cervix2. birth and delivery through vaginal canal or cesarean section3. placental expulsion
28
The frontal/coronal plane cuts the body into
front and back half
29
What two cavities make up the dorsal cavity
Vertebral, Cranial
30
What three cavities make up the Ventral Cavity
Thoracic, Abdominal, and Pelvic
31
What is located in the thoracic cavity
Heart and lungs
32
What is located in the abdominal cavity
internal organs
33
What is located in the pelvic Cavity
Reproductive and urinary organs
34
What organs are located in the LUQ
spleen, stomach, and left kidney
35
What organs are located in the RUQ
Liver, and Right kidney
36
What organs are located in the LLQ
left ovary (small intestine, large intestine)
37
what organs are located in the RLQ
right ovary, cecum, and appendix
38
what is homestasis
the process of the body being in equilibrium (balanced)
39
What is stress when involved with homeostasis
anything that disrupts homeostasis
40
What feedback mechanism is stress that changes a situation
stimulus
41
what feedback mechanism sends info to the control center
receptor
42
what feedback mechanism is responsible for integration and processing
control center
43
What feedback mechanism receives information and responds to it
effector
44
what are the four feedback mechanism in order from first employed
Stimulus, Receptor, Control Center, and Effector
45
What Feedback mechanism COUNTERacts the stimulus
Negative
46
What is an example of a Negative Feedback
Glucose/insulin levels
47
What feedback mechanism ENHANCES the stimulus
Positive
48
what is an example of a Positive Feedback
breast feeding
49
anything that occupies space and has mass is
matter
50
what are three types of matter
solid, liquid, gas
51
what are the smallest unit of matter
atoms
52
The nucleus has what as an overall charge
positive
53
Protons have what charge
positive
54
Neutrons have what charge
no charge
55
electrons have what charge
negative
56
Ions are
charged particles
57
matter made up of the same type of atoms
element
58
What are the most abundant elements
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen; (CO HN)
59
What are less abundant elements
Phosphorus and sulfur (PS)
60
what breaks down into two or more substances
compound
61
what is a combination of two or more atoms in a chemical reaction
molecule
62
positively charged ion
cation
63
negatively charged ion
ANion (look at the prefix; an means without a charge)
64
one atom loses an electron to another atom; held together by opposite attractions
Ionic (think of the question like each ion being a person and the atom being a possession, if the new ion new has every thing then that ONE owns it, (I) owns it [Ion] which makes it an (I)onic bond
65
sharing of electrons; single, double, or triple
COvalent bond
66
weak bonds that form a bridge between molecules
hydrogen
67
degree of acidity or alkalinity (base) of a solution
pH
68
pH has a range of
0-14
69
an Acid has a range of
less than seven
70
a Neutral has a pH of
7 (distilled water)
71
an Alkaline has a range of
greater than seven
72
pH of blood has a range of
7.35-7.45
73
What are the 5 properties of water
Universal SolventTransport mechanismLubricantChemical reactionsHeat capacity
74
a compound with no carbon atoms (ionic bonds)
Inorganic bonds
75
a compound with carbon atoms (covalent bonds)
Organic bonds
76
Carbohydrates (CHO) are
energy sourcessugars
77
lipids are
fats
78
are a higher source of energy, and harder to break
lipids
79
proteins are made up of
amino acids
80
characteristics of proteins are
body tissuesenzymes/hormonesheld together by pep-tide bonds
81
found in all living systems
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
82
high energy compound that drives most chemical reactions
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
83
produced by body cells in a process known as cellular respiration which involves the breaking down of glucose in a series of chemical reactions
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
84
ADP + P + energy =
ATP
85
control center, directs cell activities, contains chromosomes (DNA)
Nucleus
86
what are functions of the nucleus
control center, directs cell activities, contains chromosomes (DNA)
87
intracellular fluid, container for organelles
Cytosol
88
what is Cytosol
intracellular fluid, container for organelles
89
small structures within the cell, each have specific functions
Organelles
90
What are characteristics of Organelles
small structures within the cell, each have specific functions
91
has a phospholipid bilayer, lipid heads, phosphate heads, integral proteins
Cell Membrane
92
What are characteristics of the cell membrane
has a phospholipid bilayer, lipid heads, phosphate heads, integral proteins
93
is an electrochemical gradient (ouside positive inside negative)lipid solubility, charge, and carrier proteins
Selective Permeable Membrane
94
what are characteristics of the Selective Permeable membrane
is an electrochemical gradient (ouside positive inside negative)lipid solubility, charge, and carrier proteins
95
Extracellular fluid is
outside of the cell
96
Intracellular fluid is
inside the cell
97
No energy is required for this transport process
Passive transport
98
higher to lower concentration in this transport process
Diffusion
99
Water from high to low in this transport process
osmosis (Osmosis ONLY and ALWAYS has to do with water)
100
uses integral proteins to move from high to low in this transport process
facilitated diffusion
101
What three transport processes are passive (require no energy)
diffusion osmosisfacilitated diffusion
102
what transport system requires ATP
Active transport
103
moves against the gradient in this transport process
active transport
104
cells are eating and exiting in this transport process
phagocytosis and exocytosis
105
same concentration, fluid will move in and out equaly
isotonic (Iso- is a prefix for equal)
106
high concentration of disolved substances outside the cell (more water out) water will move in (Burst cell)
Hypotonic \*\*\*
107
higher concentration of dissolved substances outside cell (less water out) water will move out (Dehydrate cell)
Hypertonic \*\*\*
108
surrounds the DNA
nucleolus
109
master copy of genetic information
Gene
110
coils of chromosomes
chromatin
111
contains genes
chromosomes
112
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
113
is a double helix composed of nucleotides
DNA
114
contains genetic code or the information needed for organelles
DNA
115
what organelle is responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
116
what organelle is responsible for chemical reactions and intracellular transport
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
117
what organelle is responsible for processing proteins
Golgi complex
118
what organelle creates energy for cell
mitochondria
119
what organelle is responsible digestion
Lysosomes (the prefix lyso- means destruction, loosening, or seperation. digestion is destruction of FOOD)
120
what organelle is responsible detoxing the cell
Peroxisomes \*\*\*
121
what organelle is responsible for cell movement
microfilaments
122
what organelle is the cytoskeleton
microtubules
123
what organelle is responsible moving chromosomes for cell division
centrioles
124
what organelle is responsible holding centrioles
centrosomes
125
what organelle is responsible movement/Transportation
flagella and cilia
126
what organelle stores water or food
vaculole
127
What are the twelve types of ribosomes
RibosomesEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Golgi ComplexMitochondriaLysosomesPeroxisomes MicrofilamentsCentrioles Centrosomes Flagella and ciliaVacuole
128
in cell divison is replication
mitosis
129
In cell division is sexual reproduction/crossing over of chromosomes
Meiosis (It's all about ME [SEX cells]
130
Is cell spltiing
cytokinesis (Not sure, just what key has)
131
What tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands
Epithelial
132
What are the three arrangements of Epithelial tissue
Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified
133
What are Simple Epithelial tissue
single layered
134
What are Stratified Epithelial tissue
stacked in several layers
135
What are Pseudostratified Epithelial tissue
irregular layers
136
What are the four shapes of Epithelial tissue
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, and transitional
137
what are characteristics of squamous cells
flattened sac shape
138
what are characteristics of cuboidal cells
cube shaped, Duh!
139
what are characteristics of columnar cells
tall and cylindrical (think of columns)
140
what are characteristics of Transition cells
change shaped (When someone transitions they change)
141
binding and supportive tissue
connective tissue
142
what are the seven types of connective tissue
dense fibrousadiposecartilagebonevascular(blood)musclenervous
143
what are three structural supports of cartilage
hyalinefibroelastic
144
what are two types of bone tissue
compactspongy
145
what is found in spongy bone
bone marrow
146
what is found in compact bone
yellow marrow
147
What four things are in vascular(blood) tissue
plasma: liquiderythrocytes: RBC that transports O2 and CO2 on hemoglobin (hemoglobin are biconcave for the purpose of having massive surface area to carry maximum amounts of oxygen, and for easy transporting)leukocytes: WBC immunity (infections)thrombocytes: platelets (clotting)
148
What are the three type of Muscle tissues
skeletalcardiacsmooth
149
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle
striatedvoluntary
150
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle
striatedinvoluntary
151
What are characteristics of smooth muscle
non-striatedinvoluntary
152
intercalated disks are located in what type of muscle tissue
cardiac
153
What is nervous tissue composed of
neurons
154
secrete into the bloodstream (ductless)
endocrine (the prefix endo- means within in the blood stream
155
secreted into ducts that dump outside the body
exocrine
156
what membrane lines body cavities that open to the exterior
mucous (think of mucous in the nose, the nose opens to the outside)
157
What membrane lines cavities that do not open to the exterior
serous (there is an e in serous, there is no e in mucous; the e in serous stands for exterior)
158
What membrane lines the cavities of freely movable joints
synovial
159
What membranes is the skin
cutaneous
160
What are the five functions of the skin
regulation of body temp (sweating)protection (protect from foreign bodies)receives stimulus (receptors; being touched)excretion (excretes sweatimmunity (How is immunity not protection?)
161
What are the two types of glands of the skin
sebaceous and sudoriferous
162
What do sebaceous glands do
protection, lubrication, and hydration
163
what do sudoriferous glands do
sweat
164
what are the two types of sudoriferous glands
apocrineeccrine
165
what is the characteristic of apocrine glands
stink (hold your tongue and say apo, what does it sound like??? exactly)
166
what is the characteristics of eccrine glands
no stink
167
What are characteristics of sudoriferous glands in general
regulate body temperatureeliminates waste
168
what is the hair responsible for
protectiontouch receptors
169
what are the nails responsible for?
grasp and manipulate small objectsprotection
170
BONUS QUESTION: what is the importance of finger prints?
Reward
171
What are the three layers of the skin
EpidermisDermisSubcutaneous or Hypodermis
172
What two cells are in the epidermis
keratinocytemelanocyte
173
What is the dermis also called
true skin
174
What are the two layers of the dermis
vascularnervous
175
what are the layers of the skin from deep to superficial
stratum basalestratum spinosum stratum granulosumstratum lucidemstratum corneumBSGLC (Boy Scouts Grandmother's Love Cookies)
176
what layer attaches to underlying surfaces
subcutaneous
177
What are the six general functions of the skeletal system
MovementS-upportP-rotectionE-nergy StorageR-ed Blood cell Production (hematopoiesis)M-ineral Storage(Moving SPERM)
178
bone formation
osteoblasts
179
break down bone
osteoclasts
180
mature bone cells
osteoclasts
181
shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
182
ends of a long bone
epiphysis
183
growth region (where it meets) of a long bone
metaphysis
184
Hyaline Cartilage covering epiphysis
Articular cartilage
185
covering of the bone
periosteum
186
fatty marrow is in the
marrow cavity
187
layer of bone cells in a cavity
endosteum
188
dense, no intracellular space
compact bone
189
irregular spaces and structures
spongy bone
190
what bone is greater in length than width (humerus)
long
191
what bone is equal length and width (carpals/tarsals)
short
192
What bones are thin and flat (cranial bones/Sternum)
flat
193
what bones are complex (vertebrae/ facial bones)
irregular
194
what is an opening or hole in a bone
foramen
195
what is any projection from a bone
process (styloid/mastoid process)
196
what is a tube-like passageway in a bone
meatus
197
what is a space lined with mucus membranes
Sinus
198
What is a knuckle or bump of a bone
condyle
199
What is an elevated rough area on a bone
tuberoisity (tibial tuberosity)
200
What is the process on the femur
trochanter
201
what is small rounded process
small round process
202
What are sutures
seam or stitch on a bone
203
What are fontanels
soft spot
204
what are bones that lie along the mid-line
axial skeletal system
205
what are bones of free appendages
appendicular skeletal system
206
How many vertebrae are there
33
207
how many cervical vertebrae
7 (neck)
208
How many thoracic vertebrae
12 (attach to ribs)
209
how many lumbar vertebrae
5 (lower back)
210
how many sacral vertebrae
5 (pelvic bones)
211
how many coccygeal vertebrae
4 (tail bone)
212
What are the three types of articulations
fibroussynovialcartilagenous
213
What articulation has little or no movement, no space, and held by cartilage
Cartilagenous
214
What articulation is synovial space
Synovial
215
What type of articulation has little or no movement, no spaces, held by dense fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous (Sutures)
216
provide joint with structural stability
ligaments
217
a band or cord of dense fibrous connective tissue extending from one bone to a muscle for attachment
tendon
218
What are the 5 functions of the muscular system
motionpostureheat productionregulation of organ volumeprotect internal organs
219
What are the four characteristics of muscle tissue
Elasticity: return to normal strength Excitability: respond to stimuliExtensibility; lengtheningContractility: shortening (EECE)
220
what muscle attaches to bones and has myofilaments
skeletal muscle
221
what are the two contractile elements of myofilaments
actin (thin)myosin (thick)
222
the body segment that remains stable or stationary (proximal attachment)
Origin
223
the body segment that moves (distal attachment)
Insertion
224
prime mover
agonist
225
performs opposite movement of agonist
antagonist
226
assists agonist
synergist
227
stabilizer
fixator
228
muscle on anterior humerous
biceps brachii
229
muscle on posterior humerous
triceps brachii
230
muscle on shoulder
deltoid
231
muscle on the superior and posterior back
trapezius
232
anterior neck/chest muscle
sternocleidomastoid
233
superior chest musce
pectoralis major
234
inferior and posterior back muscle
latissimus dorsi
235
Quadriceps muscles
anterior thigh
236
posterior thigh muscle
hamstrings
237
posterior calf muscle
gastrocnemius
238
what are the three functions of the nervous system
SensoryIntegrationMotor(SIM) [Nervous system moves the body, you move people in the game SIMS]
239
what does the central nervous system consist of
brain and spinal cord
240
contains nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord; all other nerves that are not in the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
241
carries input messages to be integrated (afferent)
Sensory Nerves
242
transmit impulses from CNS (efferent)
Motor/Efferent Nerves
243
Involuntary impulses are
autonomic (like automatic; an automatic gun rapidly/involuntarily fires)
244
voluntary impulses are
somatic (soma- means body, YOU are in charge of YOUR own body)
245
a Neuron consists of
cell bodydendriteaxon
246
what are the six Neuroglial tissue
astrocytemicrogliaoligodendrocytesependymal cellsSchwann cellsSatelite cells
247
anchors to blood capillaries
astrocyte
248
produce myelin on axons in CNS
Oligodendrocytes \*\*\*
249
produce myelin on PNS fibers
Schwann cells \*\*\*
250
protect and cushion other neurons
Satellite cells
251
circulate CSF
Ependymal cells
252
dispose of dead cells/bacteria
microglia
253
nerve fibers that contain myelin
white matter
254
nerve fibers that do not contain myelin
grey matter
255
tough mother (outer meninges layer)
dura mater (sounds like durable, durable is hard, you need a hard covering for protection)
256
spider mother (subarachnoid space)
arachnoid matter
257
soft mother
pia matter
258
What are the steps when reflexes are rapid/predictable/involuntary responses to stimuli
sensory stimuli: detects incoming stimuli afferent neuron: takes AP to spinal cordinterneuron: between spinal cord and brainefferent neuron: takes AP from spinal cordeffector: stimulates muscle or gland response
259
what are the four lobes of the brain
frontalparietaltemporaloccipital
260
what part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance
cerebellum (bellum; sounds like bell, you ring a bell to get peoples attention/coordinate them)
261
the thalamus and hypothalamus are apart of
Diencephalon (Di- as in two parts)
262
pathway for impulses to and from the brain
brainstem
263
CSF
cerebral spinal fluid
264
is produced by the choroid plexus
CSF
265
cushions nervous tissue
CSF
266
found in ventricles in brain and in subarachnoid space
CSF
267
regulates heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomitting
Medulla ObLONGata (Has a long list of what it regulates)
268
regulates rate and depth of breathing
Pons (sounds like pond; ponds have a depth of water and rate)
269
reflex centers for hearing and vision
midbrain
270
relay station for sensory impulses whether it will be pleasant or not
thalamus
271
regulates body temperature, water balance, metabolism, thirst, hunger, pleasure, sex drive and emotions
Hypothalamus (Men think with their hypothalamus [SEXdrive] ladies)
272
the lobe that is responsible for skeletal muscle control, concentration, planning, problem solving, writing, and speech
Frontal
273
the lobe for sensations of temperature, touch, pressure and pain
parietal (when you have pressure or stress you sometimes squeeze the sides of your head)
274
the lobe that regulates hearing and balance
temporal
275
the long responsible for vision
occipital
276
part of the brain responsible for control and coordination, and Equilibrium and balance
Cerebellum
277
protects anterior surface of the eye
eyelid
278
mucous membrane (moisten) the eye
conjunctiva
279
secretes tears
lacrimal apparatus
280
move the eyball
extrinsic muscles
281
what are the three layers of the eye
Fibrous tunicVascular tunicNervous tunic(tunic means jacket)
282
what is contained in the fibrous tunic
scleracornea
283
what is the white portion of the eye
sclera
284
what is the anterior clear bulge of the eye
cornea
285
what is contained in the Vascular tunic
IrisLens
286
colored portion of the eye
iris
287
focuses light
lens
288
What is contained in the Nervous tunic
retinarods
289
neurons entering the eye
retina
290
responsible for color vision
cones
291
responsible for black and white vison
rods
292
What is the outer ear composed of
auricleauditory canal
293
outer appendage of the ear
auricle (pinna)
294
opening to the ear
auditory canal
295
what is the middle ear composed of
Eustachian tubes: equalize pressureTympanic membrane: eardrumAuditory ossicles
296
What are the three auditory ossicles in order from outermost
Malleus: HammerInus: AnvilStapes: stirrup
297
What is the inner ear composed of
semicircular canalsvestibulecochlea
298
what structure of the inner ear is responsible for balance
semicircular canals (if you're spun in circles you get dizzy and become unbalanced) vestibule
299
the cochlea is also called
Organs of Corti
300
What are the responsibilities of the endocrine system
coordinate functions of all body systemsregulates homeostasis through hormone secretion coordinate regulates growth, development, and reproductin
301
what are the secretions of endocrine glands that enter blood and effect a target cell, tissue, or organ
hormone
302
what are the four major glands of the endocrine system
pituitarythyroid glandadrenal glandpancreas
303
what gland is located in the throat
thyroid gland
304
What is the thyroid gland responsible for
thyroxine secretionregulate metabolismgrowth and developmentincrease heart rate, blood pressure, and nervousness
305
what two hormones are secreted by the adrenal gland
epinephrine norepinephrine
306
what hormone is responsible for the fight or flight response
fight or flight response
307
what hormone does the pancreas secrete
glucagoninsulin
308
what are red blood cells
erythrocytes
309
what are white blood cells
leukocytes
310
what are platelets
thrombocytes
311
caries O2 and CO2, biconcave disk
erythrocyte RBC
312
how many globin bound to a heme
four globin (There are four letters in heme, so four globin per heme, not heme per globin
313
what protects the body from infection
leukocytes
314
what are the three type of granulocytes
neutrophilseosinophilsbasophils
315
what are the two agranulocytes
moncyteslymphocytes(the two that are next to each other in the alphabet are the agranulocytes)
316
what is the stoapge of bleeding
hemostasis
317
what are the three process for hemostasis in order
vascular spasmplatelet plug formationcoagulation
318
what is vascular spasm
smooth muscle walls of vessels contract to decrease blood flow to injury
319
what is platelet plug formation
platelets stick to the ends of the injured vessels
320
what is coagulation
blood clotting
321
what are the two types of clots
thrombusembolus
322
what is an abnormal clot in a blood vessel
thrombus (stationary clot)
323
what is a dislodged thrombus, traveling clot
embolus (e for exit/move)
324
what are the proteins on the surface of RBC's
antigens
325
what are the proteins that attach to a specific antigens and destroy them
antibodies
326
If you have A type blood you have an Antibody? Antigen?
Antibody BAntigen A (You wear your own genes) \*\*\*type of blood names the antigen and have opposite antibodies
327
what blood is the universal donor
O blood type
328
What blood type is the universal recipient
AB blood type
329
+ is present/ - is not present
RH Factor
330
remove foreign particles and clean lymph fluid
lymph nodes
331
the organ that filters blood is
spleen
332
site of T cell maturation
Thymus (starts with a T) (m in thymus for maturation)
333
destroy pathogens in the small intestines
Peyer's patch
334
produces white blood cells that mature into lymphocytes
Bone marrow
335
where does the flow of lymph begin
lymphatic capillaries
336
carries lymph toward the heart with one way valves
lymphatic vessels
337
largest vessels that dump into collecting ducts
lymphatic trunk
338
the movement of Lymph
BLOOD STREAM is required
339
foreign substances that stimulate an immune response
antigen
340
proteins that are produced by cells that react with antigens to destroy them
Antibody
341
Is responsible for transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, waste products, enzymes, electrolytes, and other substances
Cardiovascular system
342
What are the three layers of the heart
EpicardiumMyocardiumEndocardium
343
Is the outer layer of the heart, visceral layer
Epicardium
344
middle layer of the heart, heart muscle
myocardium
345
inner layer of the heart
endocardium
346
What are the two chamber types of the heart
Atria Ventricle
347
Is the superior chambers, called the receiving chambers (from the veins)
Atria/Atrium (remember a goes to a point at the top, so its the top chambers)
348
What are the inferior chambers, called the pumping chambers (to arteries)
Ventricles (remember V goes to a point at the bottom, so its the bottom chambers)
349
drainage into the right atrium; deoxygenated blood
superior and inferior vena cava
350
branches into left and right pulmonary arteries which go to lungs
pulmonary trunk
351
take deoxygenated blood into the lungs
pulmonary arteries
352
take oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
pulmonary veins
353
oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body
Aorta
354
brachiocephalic, left subclavian, and left common carotid are
branches are the Aorta
355
what are the three branches of the Aorta
brachiocephalicleft subclavianleft common carotid
356
between right atria and ventricles
Tricuspid (scout oath/ right hand)
357
between left atria and ventricle
Bicuspid
358
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary Semi-Lunar Valve
359
between left ventricle and aorta
Aortic Semi-Lunar Valve
360
Describe the flow of blood to and from the heart (specific order)
SVC/IVC, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semi-lunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta, branches, to the body, and back (repeat cycle)
361
Is the pace maker of the heart
SA node
362
backup pacemaker of the heart
AV node
363
Bundle of is his is also called
AV bundle
364
What is the conductive System pathway in order
SA nodeAV NodeBundle of HisBundle BranchesPurkinje Fibers
365
the contraction phase of the heart
systole
366
the relaxation phase of the heart
diastole
367
sound when blood hits against closed AV valves
Lub
368
sound when blood hits against closed semi-lunar valves
Dub
369
What is the volume of blood pumped out with each heartbeat
Stroke Volume
370
the number of heartbeats in one minute
heart rate
371
What is the stroke volume times Heart rate
Cardiac output (SV \* HR = CO)
372
Anything that makes the heart beat faster or that makes it stronger
factors of cardiac output
373
anything that tends to cause the heart to beat more slowly or more weakly
factors of cardiac output
374
carries blood away from the heart
arteries
375
all arteries carry oxygenated blood except
pulmonary arteries
376
what are small arteries
arterioles
377
What are the three layers of the arteries
tunica externatunica mediatunica intima
378
carry blood to the heart
veins
379
all veins carry deoxygenated blood except
pulmonary veins
380
small vessels that exchange nutrients and wastes between arterioles and venules
Capillaries
381
where is the radial pulse taken
wrist
382
where is the temporal pulse taken
temples/ side of face
383
where is the common carotid pulse taken
sides of trachea in the neck
384
where is the facial pulse taken
lower jawbone
385
where is the brachial pulse taken
biceps brachii
386
where is the popliteal pulse taken
behind the knee
387
where is the posterior tibial pulse taken
inner ankle
388
where is the dorsalis pedis pulse taken
upper foot
389
force of blood pushing against the artery walls when ventricles contract
Systolic BP
390
force of blood pushing against the artery walls when the ventricles relax
Diastolic
391
blood flow from heart to lungs and back
Pulmonary circulation (circuit)
392
blood flow from heart to the rest of the body and back
System Circulation (circuit)
393
are non controllable factors for CVD
geneticsgenderage
394
are controllable factors for CVD
smokinghigh fat/cholesterol dietblood pressureinactivity stressweight
395
breathing air in and out
ventilation
396
exchange of gas between air and blood
external respiration
397
exchange of gas between blood and body cells
internal respiration
398
What is the respiratory stimulus
CO2
399
is sensitive to changes from CO2
Medulla Oblongata
400
is stimulated if breathing rate increases; and if increased CO2 levels occur
Respiratory center
401
what is the function of the digestive system
break down large food molecules into small molecules to be used by body
402
breakdown carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into their building blocks using chemical reactions
Chemical digestion
403
break down from large to small physically
mechanical digestion
404
tube from mouth to the anus
Alimentary
405
enzymes that break down food come from
Accessory organs
406
Saliva is 99.5%
H20
407
chemicals to break down food
saliva
408
breaks down the starches into maltose
Salivary amylase
409
exposed above gums
Crown
410
line between crown and root
Neck
411
embedded in jaw
root
412
gums
gingivae
413
basic shape of tooth
dentin
414
nerves and blood vessels inside tooth
pulp cavity
415
hard protective cover
enamel
416
is the hardest substance in the body
enamel
417
is swallowing
deglutition
418
is chewing
mastication
419
mix food with gastric juice(chyme)
maceration
420
bring chyme into contact with mucous membrane: absorption
Segmentation
421
in large intestine, food fill huastra and is pushed to next haustra
Haustral Churning
422
gastric secretion takes place to break down food
Stomah
423
storage of the stomach is the part
fundus
424
gastric pits in stomach are apart of the
body
425
link to SI, Sphincter; part of the stomach
pylorus
426
what are the three parts of the stomach
fundusbodypylorus
427
active digestive enzyme
pepsin
428
activates pepsinogen to pepsin
Hydrochloric acid
429
protects lining of the stomach
mucous
430
secretes insulin and glucagon and pancreatic digestive juices (flow into SI)
pancreas
431
holds bile that is produced in liver
gallbladder
432
secretes into SI via common bile duct
bile
433
emulsifies fats
bile
434
bile pigment is
bilirubin
435
What are three parts of the small intestines
duodenumjejunum Ileum
436
the part of the small intestine that is responsible for chemical digestion
Duodenum
437
the part of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption or nutrients
Jejunum
438
The part of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption of nutrients
Ileum
439
responsible for absorption of water, vitamins, and electrolytes
Large Intestine
440
Produce vitamin K
Large Intestine
441
forms feces
large intestine
442
removal of feces
Large intestine
443
List the order of the large intestine from proximal to distal portion
cecumascending colontransverse colondescending colonsigmoid colonrectumanus
444
What are functions of the Urinary System
maintain homeostasis by regulating the composition and volume of bloodexcretes H20 and nitrogenous wasteeliminate heartmaintain blood pressurehelp in metabolic processes
445
what are the four organs of the urinary system
kidneysuretersbladderurethra
446
tissue surround kidney/barrier
renal capsule
447
fat surround kidney/protect
adipose capsule
448
anchors kidney to surrounding structures
renal fascia
449
collects urine from renal pyramids
renal pelvis
450
what composes the renal corpuscle
glomerulusBowmans capsuleafferent arteriole efferent arteriole
451
capillary network
glomerulus
452
surrounds glomerulus
Bowmans capsule
453
approaching glomerulus
afferent arteriole
454
leaving glomerulus
efferent arteriole
455
what is the renal tubule composed of
proximal convoluted tubuleloop of henledistal convoluted tubuleperitubular capillaries
456
force fluid through membrane to filter
Glomerular Filtration
457
filter from tubules to blood
tubular absorption
458
addition of materials to filtrate from blood
tubular secretion
459
what is the color of urine
yellow or amber
460
what is the turbidity
clear
461
what odor does urine have
shouldn't have odor unless old due to ammonia
462
what is the pH of urine
4.6-8.0
463
what are the seven chemical composition of urine
ureauric acidcreatineketoneshypuric acidindicanorganic and inorganic materials
464
what is urination called
micturitonurinationvoid
465
what is elimination of urine
voiding
466
what is evaporation of fluids to regulate temperature
sweat
467
water eliminated through defecation
Feces
468
fluid lost through ventilation of exhaled vapor
exhaled vapor
469
what is the functions of the reproductive system
produce offspringpass on genetic informationproduce and secrete hormones
470
male sex organs
testes
471
site of sperm maturation
epididymis
472
passage for sperm from epididymis to urethra
ductus deferens
473
duct under the bladder to eject sperm into prostate
ejaculatory ducts
474
eject sperm and urine
urethra
475
what are the three accessory organs of the reproductive system
seminal vessiclesprostate glandcowpers gland
476
secretes fluid to add to semen (nutrients)
seminal vessicles
477
secrete fluid to add to semen
prostate gland
478
lubrication for intercourse, add fluid to semen
cowpers gland
479
encloses and protects testes
scrotum
480
introduce sperm to female genitalia
penis
481
what are the functions of the testes
production of spermproduction of testosterone
482
what are the functions of testosterone
growth and developmentmaintain sex organsstimulate bone growthclose epiphyseal plateinfluence sexual behaviorsperm maturation stimulates secondary sex characteristics
483
what are the four female reproductive structures
ovariesvaginavulvamammary glands
484
develop egg cells
ovaries
485
passageway for sperm and menstrual flow, receptacle for penis
vagina
486
external genitalia
vulva
487
out lip, covered with pubic hair
labia majora
488
inner lip, no pubic hair
labia minora
489
nervous and erectile tissue
clitoris
490
produce lubrication for intercourse
vestibular glands
491
milk producing glands
mammary glands
492
dark area surrounding nipple
areola
493
raised area for infant suckling
nipple
494
what are the three functions of the ovaries
produce mature ovumovulationsecretion of female hormones
495
what transports ova from site of ovulation to uterus
Fallopian/Uterine tubes
496
funnel opening next to ovaries
infundibulum
497
finger-like projection that draw egg into tubes
Fimbriae
498
what are the four sections of the Uterus
cervicxperimetriummyometriumendometrium
499
opening to the vaginal canal
cervix
