States of Conciousness 2b

Question 1

the state of being awake and aware of one’s surroundings

Answer 1

conciousness

Question 2

a series of bodily functions regulated by your internal clock. They control cycles like sleep and wakefulness, body temperature, hormone secretion, and more.

Answer 2

biological rythms

Question 3

physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. These natural processes respond primarily to light and dark and affect most living things.

Answer 3

circadian rhythm

Question 4

a kind of sleep that occurs at intervals during the night and is characterized by rapid eye movements, more dreaming and bodily movement, and faster pulse and breathing

Answer 4

REM sleep

Question 5

are neural oscillations in the frequency range of 8–12 Hz. They induce feelings of calm, increase creativity, and enhance your ability to absorb new information.

Answer 5

alpha waves

Question 6

a circadian state characterized by partial or total suspension of consciousness, voluntary muscle inhibition, and relative insensitivity to stimulation.

Answer 6

sleep

Question 7

a false sensory perception that has a compelling sense of reality despite the absence of an external stimulus. Typically symptoms a psychotic disorder (schizophrenia) but also may result from substance use, neurological abnormalities, and other conditions.

Answer 7

hallucinations

Question 8

the lowest frequency brain wave recorded in electroencephalography. They are large, regular-shaped waves that have a frequency of 1 to 3 Hz. They are associated with deep sleep (delta-wave sleep) and indicate a synchronization of cells of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 8

delta waves

Question 9

difficulty in initiating or maintaining a restorative sleep, which results in fatigue, the severity or persistence of which causes clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning.

Answer 9

insomnia

Question 10

a disorder consisting of excessive daytime sleepiness accompanied by brief “attacks” of sleep during waking hours.

Answer 10

narcolepsy

Question 11

the temporary cessation of breathing while asleep, which occurs when the upper airway briefly becomes blocked or when the respiratory centers in the brain fail to stimulate respiration

Answer 11

sleep apnea

Question 12

a sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of abrupt awakening from NREM sleep accompanied by signs of disorientation, extreme panic, and intense anxiety.

Answer 12

night terrors

Question 13

a physiologically and psychologically conscious state that occurs during sleep and is often characterized by a rich array of endogenous sensory, motor, emotional, and other experiences. Occur most often during REM sleep

Answer 13

dream

Question 14

the images and events of a dream or fantasy as experienced and recalled by the dreamer or fantasist, as opposed to the latent content, which is posited to contain the hidden meaning.

Answer 14

manifest content

Question 15

the unconscious wishes seeking expression in dreams or fantasies. This unconscious material is posited to encounter censorship (see censor) and to be distorted by the dream-work into symbolic representations to protect the ego

Answer 15

latent content

Question 16

the increased occurrence of REM sleep following REM-sleep deprivation.

Answer 16

REM rebound

Question 17

the procedure, or the state induced by that procedure, in which suggestion is used to evoke changes in sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, or control over motor behavior. Subjects appear to be receptive, to varying degrees, to suggestions to act, feel, and behave differently than in an ordinary waking state.

Answer 17

hypnosis

Question 18

a suggestion made to a person during hypnosis that he or she acts out after the hypnotic trance. The suggested act may be carried out in response to a prearranged cue, and the person may not know why he or she is performing the action.

Answer 18

posthypnotic suggestions

Question 19

a defense mechanism in which conflicting impulses are kept apart or threatening ideas and feelings are separated from the rest of the psyche.

Answer 19

dissociation

Question 20

any drug that has significant effects on psychological processes, such as thinking, perception, and emotion.

Answer 20

psychoactive drug

Question 21

a condition, resulting from persistent use of a drug, characterized by a markedly diminished effect with regular use of the same dose of the drug or by a need to increase the dose markedly over time to achieve the same desired effect.

Answer 21

tolerance

Question 22

a syndrome that develops after cessation of prolonged, heavy consumption of a substance.

Answer 22

withdrawal

Question 23

the state of an individual who has repeatedly taken a drug and experiences unpleasant physiological symptoms if he or she stops taking it.

Answer 23

psychological dependence

Question 24

a state of psychological or physical dependence (or both) on the use of alcohol or other drugs

Answer 24

addiction

Question 25

having the quality of diminishing or retarding a function or activity of a body system or organ.

Answer 25

depressant

Question 26

any of a family of drugs derived from barbituric acid that depress activity of the central nervous system and were previously widely used as anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics, and general anesthetics. They typically induce profound tolerance and withdrawal symptoms and depress respiration.

Answer 26

barbiturates

Question 27

any of a variety of natural and semisynthetic compounds derived from opium. They include the alkaloids morphine and codeine and their derivatives

Answer 27

opiates

Question 28

any of various agents that excite functional activity in an organism or in a part of an organism.

Answer 28

stimulants

Question 29

a CNS stimulant, closely related in structure and activity to ephedrine.

Answer 29

amphetamines

Question 30

a CNS stimulant whose chemical structure is similar to that of amphetamine. It is used for treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and as a short-term aid to obesity treatment in adults

Answer 30

methamphetamines

Question 31

a substituted phenylethylamine that, like its analog MDA, is a catecholamine-like hallucinogen with amphetamine-like stimulant properties that may produce visual disturbances and hallucinations at high doses.

Answer 31

ecstasy (MDMA)

Question 32

a substance capable of producing a sensory effect (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, or tactile) in the absence of an actual stimulus

Answer 32

hallucinogens

Question 33

a highly potent hallucinogen that structurally resembles the neurotransmitter serotonin and presumably exerts its psychoactive effects by acting as a partial agonist at the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor.

Answer 33

LSD (acid)

Question 34

any of a class of about 60 substances in the cannabis plant that includes those responsible for the psychoactive properties of the plant. The most important cannabinoid

Answer 34

THC

Question 35

an image, perception, event, interaction, or feeling (or a combination of any of these) reported by some people after a life-threatening episode. Typical features include a sense of separation from the body, often accompanied by the ability to look down on the situation; a peaceful and pleasant state of mind; and an entering into light, sometimes following an interaction with a spiritual being.

Answer 35

near-death experience

Question 36

the position that reality consists of two separate substances, defined by René Descartes as thinking substance (mind) and extended substance (matter). In the context of the mind–body problem, dualism is the position that the mind and the body constitute two separate realms or substances.

Answer 36

dualism

Question 37

the position that reality consists of a single substance

Answer 37

monism