States of Consciousness: Lecture 14

Question 1

Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders

Answer 1

impaired control, physical dependence, social problems and risky use

Question 2

What are withdrawal symptoms often the opposite of?

Answer 2

the effects of the drug

Question 3

What is the general path people take to become addicted to alcohol?

Answer 3

people get a psychological reliance on alcohol to affect mood, alcohol abuse often starts as a psychological addiction which then leads to a physical addiction

Question 4

What are the 5 categories of drugs?

Answer 4

Anti-Psychotics
Depressants
Opioids
Stimulants
Hallucinogens

Question 5

What are antipsychotics used for?

Answer 5

given to help deal with hallucinations

Question 6

What are Anti psychotics?

Answer 6

Haldol

Question 7

What are depressants used for?

Answer 7

Reduce neural activity in your brain

Question 8

What are examples of depressants?

Answer 8

alcohol and marijuana

Question 9

What are opioids used for?

Answer 9

work on reward centres in our brain

Question 10

What are examples of opiods?

Answer 10

Heroin, Methadone, codeine

Question 11

What are stimulants used for?

Answer 11

increase neural activity

Question 12

What are examples of stimulants?

Answer 12

Cocaine, amphetamines

Question 13

What are hallucinogens used for?

Answer 13

Altered reality

Question 14

What are exmaples of hallucinogens?

Answer 14

Mushrooms, LSD, PCP

Question 15

What affect do depressants have?

Answer 15

a sedative calming effect

Question 16

What do depressants suppress?

Answer 16

The central nervous system

Question 17

How do the effects of alcohol escalate?

Answer 17

alcohol starts off as resulting in reduced stress, as time goes on it becomes difficult to speak, depresses the frontal cortex. Only able to use simple solutions to complex problems

Question 18

In high doses what can a depressant do?

Answer 18

induce sleep, stop breathing

Question 19

What is the best known example of a depressant?

Answer 19

Alcohol

Question 20

What do many deppresants work as agonists for?

Answer 20

GABA (inhibitory transmitter), calms down activity in the brain

Question 21

What system does cocaine work on?

Answer 21

Dopamine system

Question 22

What neurotransmitter does caffeine work on?

Answer 22

adenosine

Question 23

What neurotransmitter does nicotine work on?

Answer 23

acetylcholine

Question 24

What neurotransmitter do amphetamines work on?

Answer 24

norepinepherine

Question 25

What are the effects of stimulants

Answer 25

work on your reward systems and arousal causing euphoric high

Question 26

What is methamphetamine synthesized from?

Answer 26

synthesized from over the counter pseudoephedrine

Question 27

What do stimulants deplete?

Answer 27

dopamine, norepinepherine, seratonin

Question 28

What spark further substance use?

Answer 28

stimulants

Question 29

How does cocaine deplete dopamine?

Answer 29

cocaine may mimic the effects fo dopamine so your brain produces less dopamine because it thinks it already has enough

Question 30

Is there a difference in addictiveness between powder coke and crack?

Answer 30

no

Question 31

What was being in possession of crack more of a crime?

Answer 31

more prevalent in black communities because it was cheaper. This was used as an excuse to imprison black people.

Question 32

Whats the sentence for 500g of cocaine?

Answer 32

5 years

Question 33

Whats the sentence for 5 grams of cocaine?

Answer 33

5 years

Question 34

What policy on crack did barack obama introduce? What year?

Answer 34

Fairer sentencing act (2010)

Question 35

What policy on crack was itroduced to allow criminals to be retried? What year?

Answer 35

smarter sentencing act (2014)

Question 36

What do opioids do?

Answer 36

reduce pain (analgesic)

Question 37

what do opioids work on?

Answer 37

your natural opioid system

Question 38

what are examples of opioids?

Answer 38

Heroine and fentanyl

Question 39

What are the chances of opioid abuse?

Answer 39

very high

Question 40

What does opioid withdraw resemble? Is it deadly?

Answer 40

The flu and it is not super life threatening (less so than alcohol withdrawal)

Question 41

Do hallucinogens have a high abuse potential?

Answer 41

not compared to other drugs

Question 42

What is a runners high?

Answer 42

you put your body in enough stress that you are releasing endorphines

Question 43

what do hallucinogens activate?

Answer 43

Glutamate recpetors (found in 95% of the brain)

Question 44

Why are hallucinogens used in traditional ceremonies?

Answer 44

used to talk to the ancestors, dissolves egocentrism, you as a person feel less significant, you feel a oneness with the world

Question 45

What produce the most extreme alterations of consciousness?

Answer 45

hallucinogens

Question 46

What are examples of hallucinogens?

Answer 46

LSD, psilocybin, phencylidine

Question 47

what can hallucinogens have healing effects on?

Answer 47

depression

Question 48

What can hallucinogens have epigenetic effects on?

Answer 48

psychological disorders (schizophrenia) can cause manic episodes, psychotic breaks etc.

Question 49

How do hallucinogens help treat depression (hint: default mode network)

Answer 49

Default mode network in your brain comes on when you're in a state of relaxation, the more active, the more your mind wanders. This relates to depression as people experience egoism more meaning they think about how bad they are etc. After taking hallucinogens the default mode becomes more relaxed, lessening the effects of depression

Question 50

What are the dissociative and socio cognitive perspectives on hypnosis?

Answer 50

socio cognitive argues that the experience of effortlessness in hypnosis results from participant's motivated tendencies to interpret hypnotic suggestions as not requiring active planning and effort. Dissociative hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

Question 51

Can people be hypnotized?

Answer 51

Hypnosis is not like it is in the movies, it seems to be getting people into a state of consciousness where they are open to suggestion.

Question 52

What brain waves are associated with meditation?

Answer 52

Gamma waves

Question 53

Do people who meditate experience n altered state of consciousness?

Answer 53

not for beginners but it is for well-practiced meditators

Question 54

Do peopel who meditate experience increased or decreased brain activity?

Question 55

What is hypnosis?

Answer 55

where one person makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person's subjective experience of the world

Question 56

what can hypnosis lead to?

Answer 56

a dissociation of consciousness. It splits your physical and conscious experiences of something. Think of Hilgard study.

Question 57

What did hilgard do?

Answer 57

hypnotized participants to not feel pain, then asked them to put their hand in cold ice water, they could push a button if they felt pain.

Question 58

What were the results of hilgard's study?

Answer 58

Participants did not report feeling pain but did push the button

Question 59

What can hypnosis be effective for?

Answer 59

Pain management

Question 60

Who does hypnosis work on?

Answer 60

highly suceptible people

Question 61

What is the socio-cognitive theory?

Answer 61

beleives people perform a social role

Question 62

Where does meditation have its roots?

Answer 62

religion

Question 63

What does meditation help with? Why?

Answer 63

mood disorders becuase it reduces activation in the defualt mode network

Question 64

What does mediation do?

Answer 64

- reduces activation of the stress pathways - reduces telemore shortenign - stress managemnt and sleep quality - increases workign memory

Question 65

what are gamma waves associated with?

Answer 65

insight, peak focus, expanded consciousness

Question 66

What are beta waves associated with?

Answer 66

Alertness, concentration, cognition

Question 67

What are alpha waves associated with?

Answer 67

relaxation, visualization, creativity

Question 68

What are theta waves associated with?

Answer 68

meditation intuition, memory