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AP Psychology > States of Consciousness (Modules 7-10) > Flashcards

States of Consciousness (Modules 7-10) Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language)

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3
Q

Dual processing

A

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

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4
Q

Selective Attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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5
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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6
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment

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7
Q

What machine do they use to study sleep?

A

Electroencephalograph

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8
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

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9
Q

What two things can change our circadian rhythm?

A

Sleep and light

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10
Q

How long does a full sleep cycle last?

A

90 minutes

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11
Q

How many stages of sleep do you go through during that cycle?

A

4

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12
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivd dreams commonly occur. AKA paradoxical sleep because muscles are relaxes but body systems are active.

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13
Q

Alpha Waves

A

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

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14
Q

Sleep

A

Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia or hibernation

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15
Q

Stage 1 of Sleep (NREM-1)

A

Sensation of falling or floating, brief. May include hallucinations, false sensory experiences such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

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16
Q

Stage 2 of Sleep (NREM-2)

A

Relax more deeply, about 20 minutes. Sleep spindles, bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity, occur here.

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17
Q

Stage 3 of Sleep (NREM-3)

A

Lasts about 30 minutes. Delta waves, large and slow brain waves associated with deep sleep, occur here.

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18
Q

REM Sleep

A

Heart rate rises, rapid and irregular breathing, darting eyes behind closed eyelids

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19
Q

What happens to NREM-3 sleep as the night goes on?

A

Dream formation

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20
Q

How much of an average night’s sleep do we spend in REM?

A

30-45 minutes

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21
Q

How much do newborns sleep per night?

A

2/3 of their day

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22
Q

How much do most adults sleep per night?

A

Less than 1/3 of their day

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23
Q

What are some of the effects of getting too little sleep?

A

Difficulty studying, diminished productivity, tendency to make mistakes, irritability, fatigue, weight gain, stress

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24
Q

List the 5 reasons that sleep may have evolved.

A
  1. Sleep protects.
  2. Sleep helps us recuperate (restore and repair brain tissue).
  3. Sleep is for making memories.
  4. Sleep feeds creative thinking.
  5. Sleep may play a role in the growth process.
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25
Insomnia
Persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
26
What makes insomnia worse?
When drugs are discontinued
27
What are the quick fixes for insomnia? Do they work?
Sleeping pills and alcohol; no, they aggravate the problem.
28
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks, sufferers lapse directly into REM sleep at inopportune times
29
What is the cause of narcolepsy?
Absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces orexin, a neurotransmitter linked to alertness
30
Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
31
What are the causes/warning signs of sleep apnea?
Snoring at night, feeling tired during the day, high blood pressure
32
Night Terrors
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; distinct from nightmares
33
Who do night terrors usually affect?
Children
34
During what stage of sleep do night terrors happen?
Stage 3
35
Dream
"Hallucinations of the sleeping mind"
36
What is the difference between daydreams and REM dreams?
Daydreams tend to involve familiar details of our life, but dreams can be vivid, emotional and bizarre.
37
What can happen to sensory stimuli that occur while you are sleeping?
A similar sensory experience can happen in the dream
38
Why do we dream?
- To satisfy our own wishes (Freud) - To file away memories - Information-processing perspective: To develop and preserve neural pathways, to make sense of neural static, and to reflect cognitive development
39
Who is responsible for the theory that we dream to satisfy our own wishes?
Sigmund Freud
40
According to Freud, what is the purpose of dreaming?
Dreams are our unconscious selves revealing our own deep desires.
41
Manifest content
The remembered story line of a dream
42
Latent content
The underlying meaning of a dream
43
What do most psychologists believe today about Freud's dream theories?
There is no reason to believe that Freud's theory are true.
44
What happens if you deprive yourself of REM sleep for many days in a row? (REM rebound)
REM sleep increases; people return more and more quickly to the REM stage after falling asleep
45
Psychoactive Drugs
A chemical substance that alters perception
46
A drug's overall effect depends on what two things?
Physical and psychological dependence
47
Tolerance
The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug requiring larger intakes to achieve an effect
48
Withdrawal
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
49
Physical Dependence
A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
50
Psychological Dependence
A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
51
Addiction
Compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences
52
What are the three myths of addiction?
1) Addictive drugs quickly corrupt. 2) Addictions cannot be overcome voluntarily. 3) Addictions cover not just drug dependencies but many pleasure-seeking behaviors.
53
Depressants
Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
54
Is alcohol a stimulant in small doses?
No
55
What does it mean that alcohol is a disinhibitor?
Alcohol leaves you feeling invincible; drinkers may become hyper-aggressive or leave extravagant tips.
56
Why, biologically, does alcohol relax the drinker?
Alcohol slows sympathetic nervous system activity.
57
What effect does alcohol have on memory?
Alcohol disrupts processing of recent experiences into long-term memories.
58
How does alcohol affect your self-control?
Self-control is reduced because alcohol reduced self-awareness.
59
What effect does expectancy have on drinking?
When people believe that alcohol affects social behavior in certain ways, and they believe that they have consumed alcohol, they act accordingly.
60
Barbiturates
Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system reducing anxiety and impairing memory and judgment
61
What are barbiturates commonly used for?
Induce sleep and reduce anxiety
62
What is the effect of large doses of barbiturates?
Impaired memory and judgment, death
63
Opiates
Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
64
What is the long term price of opiates?
Depression of neural functioning
65
When you take an opiate, what does your brain stop producing?
Endorphins
66
Examples of opiates
Opium, morphine, heroin
67
Stimulants
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
68
Amphetamines
Stimulant. Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
69
What do people use stimulants for?
Stay awake, lose weigh, boost mood or athletic performance
70
Methamphetamine
Powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system and speeds up bodily functions, reduces baseline dopamine levles
71
What neurotransmitters does meth trigger?
Dopamine
72
What is the world's most widely used stimulant?
Caffeine
73
Nicotine
Addictive, mood-altering, reinforcing drug found in cigarettes, releases epinephrine and norepinephrine which diminishes appetite and boosts awareness
74
Cocaine
Addictive drug that enters the blood stream quickly and leads to emotional disturbance, suspiciousness and cardiac arrest
75
What neurotransmitters are affected by cocaine?
Dopamine, serotonin, and nonepinephrine
76
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Stimulant and mild hallucinogen, amphetamine derivative, triggers dopamine release
77
Hallucinogens (psychedelics)
Drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
78
LSD
A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid
79
Marijuana (THC)
THC is a major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations
80
What are some of the effects of marijuana?
Relaxation, disinhibits, produces a euphoric high, amplified sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes and smells
81
What diseases is medical marijuana used for?
Cancer, chronic pain disease, eating disorders, anxiety, depression and cramps

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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