States of Matter

Question 1

What are the properties of solids?

Answer 1

• fixed shape
• fixed volume
• cannot be compressed

Question 2

What are the properties of liquids?

Answer 2

• no fixed shape, takes shape of container
• fixed volume
• can flow
• cannot be compressed

Question 2

What are the forces of attraction?

Answer 2

forces that exist between atoms/ molecules that pull or attract the particles to each other (intermolecular forces)

Question 2

What are the properties of gases?

Answer 2

• no fixed shape, takes shape of container
• no fixed volume, takes up volume of container
• can flow
• can be compressed

Question 2

What is a particle model?

Answer 2

a theoretical model to explain the arrangement and movement of particles.

Question 2

What are the arrangement of particles in liquids?

Answer 2

• no regular arrangement
• tightly packed
• move randomly at different speeds
• frequent collision with other particles
• weak force of attraction

Question 3

What are the arrangement of particles in solids?

Answer 3

• regular arrangement
• tightly packed particles
• held in place by strong intermolecular forces
• vibrate in position
• strong force of attraction

Question 3

What is the melting point?

Answer 3

the temperature at which a substance in a solid state changes to a liquid state

Question 3

What is thermal energy?

Answer 3

the internal energy of a system which equals the sum of kinetic and potential energy of particles.

Question 3

What is melting?

Answer 3

solid to liquid

Question 4

What are the arrangement of particles in gases?

Answer 4

• no regular arrangement
• move at faster random speeds
• very weak force of attraction

Question 5

What is evaporation?

Answer 5

liquid to gas
- occurs at any temperature

Question 6

How can you speed up evaporation?

Answer 6

• increase temperature
• decrease humidity
• increase wind speed
• increase surface area

Question 7

What is the boiling point?

Answer 7

the maximum temperature at which liquids turn into gases.

Question 7

What is boiling?

Answer 7

liquid to gas

Question 8

What is condensation?

Answer 8

gas to liquid
- condenses at any temperature

Question 9

What is freezing?

Answer 9

liquid to solid

Question 9

How can you speed up condensation?

Answer 9

• decrease temperature
• increase humidity
• decrease wind speed
• decrease surface area

Question 10

What is kinetic energy?

Answer 10

a store of energy transferred when an object moves.

Question 10

What is sublimation?

Answer 10

solid to gas

Question 11

What is kinetic particle theory?

Answer 11

a theory used to describe and explain the behavior of substances in each state of matter. particles are always moving.

Question 11

What is deposition?

Answer 11

gas to solid

Question 12

Can you explain solid turning into liquid with kinetic particle theory?

Answer 12

As the temperature of the solid increases, the particles vibrates with more kinetic energy. Eventually, the particles have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction and melt into a liquid.

Question 13

What is the relationship between temperature and gas?

Answer 13

If you decrease the temperature, it decrease particle’s kinetic energy, thus decreases the volume of gas and vice versa.

Question 13

What is pressure?

Answer 13

the amount of force applied to the surface of an object over a particular unit area.

Question 13

What is the relationship between pressure and gas?

Answer 13

If you increase pressure, the particle's kinetic energy doesn't change, the particles inside the gas remain constant but decreases their volume and increases the number of collisions per second.

Question 13

What is concentration?

Answer 13

a measure of the number of particles in a given volume.

Question 14

What is the equation for pressure to volume?

Answer 14

P ∝ 1/V P = Pressure, unit Pascals (Pa) V = Volume, unit cm³ or m³

Question 14

What is diffusion?

Answer 14

- particles moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration - continues until the concentration is even - moving down the concentration gradient - no energy needed

Question 15

What is a concentration gradient?

Answer 15

the difference in concentration of a liquid or gas between two connected areas.

Question 16

How can you speed up the rate of diffusion?

Answer 16

- increase temperature - increase concentration gradient - increase surface area - decrease molecule mass

Question 17

Describe the rate of diffusion using particle theory.

Answer 17

as the particles are heated, they gain kinetic energy, move faster and move down the concentration gradient faster, and therefore diffuse at a faster rate.

Question 18

Describe the Ammonia (NH3) experiment.

Answer 18

the molecular mass of ammonia is half the molecular mass of hydrogen chloride. Therefore, the particles of ammonia travel further than hydrogen chloride. A white powder ring forms near the cotton wool bud containing the hydrogen chloride.

Question 19

What is the relative molecular mass?

Answer 19

the sum of the relative atomic masses of elements within a compound/ molecule (symbol Mr)

Question 20

Describe the rate of diffusion in a vacuum.

Answer 20

There are very few air particles in a vacuum, so there is little resistance. The rate of diffusion is very fast in a vacuum. When air is present, the diffusing gas particles collide with the air particles and slows down the rate of diffusion.