States of matter Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid, gas
Matter can exist in these states based on particle arrangement and movement.
Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid.
Close packed, regular lattice; vibrate around fixed points
Particles in a solid cannot change places.
How are particles arranged in a liquid?
Close packed, irregular lattice; can slide over each other
This allows liquids to flow.
What is the arrangement of particles in a gas?
Randomly arranged and far apart; move freely and randomly
Gas particles have high kinetic energy.
What causes substances to change between states of matter?
Changes in temperature or pressure
This includes processes like melting, freezing, boiling, etc.
What is conserved when substances change state?
Mass
Mass remains the same before and after a state change.
Are changes of state physical or chemical changes?
Physical changes
The original substance retains its properties after the change.
What is internal energy?
Total kinetic energy and potential energy of all particles in a system
It is also referred to as the thermal store.
How does temperature affect the average kinetic energy of gas particles?
Higher temperature results in greater average kinetic energy
This leads to faster average speed of the molecules.
What happens to potential energy as particles in a substance get further apart?
Potential energy increases
When particles are free-moving, they have no potential energy.
What are the two ways to increase the internal energy of a substance?
By heating or doing work on it
This can result in increased temperature or changes of state.
What factors affect the increase in temperature of a system?
Mass of the substance, type of substance, energy input
These factors determine how much the temperature rises.
What is the formula for calculating energy change in a substance?
∆E = m c ∆θ
Where ∆E is energy change, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, and ∆θ is temperature change.
What is specific heat capacity?
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram by one degree Celsius
Measured in J/kg °C.
How can the specific heat capacity of a metal block be determined?
By measuring mass, wrapping in insulation, heating, and measuring temperature change
Use the formula c = ∆E / m ∆θ after calculating ∆E.
What happens to internal energy when a change of state occurs?
Energy changes internal energy but not temperature
Latent heat is involved in these changes.
What is latent heat?
Energy required to change the state of one kilogram of a substance with no temperature change
Measured in J/kg.
What is the formula for calculating energy supplied to change state?
E = m x L
Where E is energy, m is mass, and L is specific latent heat.
What specific latent heat is used for the change of state between solid and liquid?
Specific latent heat of fusion
This is the energy needed to melt a solid.
What specific latent heat is used for the change of state between liquid and vapor?
Specific latent heat of vaporisation
This is the energy needed to vaporise a liquid.
