Statistics

Question 1

statistics

Answer 1

science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions or answer questions

Question 2

data

Answer 2

information that is collected

Question 3

population

Answer 3

the entire group of objects being studied

Question 4

individual

Answer 4

a single member of the population

Question 5

sample

Answer 5

a subgroup of a population on which data is actually collected

Question 6

a statistic

Answer 6

a numerical summary of a sample

Question 7

parameter

Answer 7

a numerical summary of a population

Question 8

inferential statistics

Answer 8

statistics that are being used as a parameter

Question 9

The process of statistics

Answer 9

1) identify the research objective
2) collect the necessary data
3) describe the data
4) perform inference

Question 10

variable

Answer 10

characteristics of individuals that have different possibilities

Question 11

Qualitative Variable

Answer 11

non numerical traits of an individual

Question 12

Quantitative Variable

Answer 12

numerical variable

Question 13

Observational Study

Answer 13

researcher does not control any of the variables being studies

Question 14

Designed Experiments

Answer 14

Researcher controls a variable on an individual basis

Question 15

Confounding

Answer 15

occurs when the effects of multiple variables are not separated

Question 16

lurking variable

Answer 16

variable that has an impact on the goal of a study but is not considered

Question 17

Observational: Cross-sectional

Answer 17

when data is collected over a short window of time; at a moment

Question 18

Observational: case-control

Answer 18

survey about the past, then use the data to split the sample into groups, then another survey is given

Question 19

Observational: cohort

Answer 19

First choose the sample, then observe over a period of time before collecting data

Question 20

census

Answer 20

list of individuals in a population along with data about certain characteristics of each individuals

Question 21

random sampling

Answer 21

the process of using chance to create a sample

Question 22

frame

Answer 22

a list of all individuals in a population with no info

Question 23

simple random sampling

Answer 23

is random sampling where every possible sample of a chosen size has an equal chance of occuring

Question 24

stratisfied sampling

Answer 24

separate population into non overlapping groups called strata, take a simple random sample from each strata, then use the individuals from each group to create sample

Question 25

cluster

Answer 25

break population into groups called clusters, use simple random sampling to select clusters and study all individuals in the selected clusters

Question 26

systematic sampling

Answer 26

put the population in order, the choose the kth individual

Question 27

convenience sampling

Answer 27

self-selected

Question 28

bias

Answer 28

sample whose results do not represent the entire population

Question 29

sampling bias

Answer 29

when technique is used to create the sample naturally results in bias ex: unrepresented

Question 30

non-response bias

Answer 30

occurs when individuals who choose not to respond have different opinions than those who do respond

Question 31

response bias

Answer 31

occurs when answers given do not accurately represent the individuals

Question 32

causes of response bias

Answer 32

misrepresented answers: lied/don't remember interviewer error: how they portray themselves/ask question wording of question: positive/negative connotation ordering of question: answer untruthfully bc of hypocrisy

Question 33

frequency distribution table

Answer 33

provides all possible values of a variable and how many times that value occured

Question 34

frequency

Answer 34

occurrences

Question 35

relative frequency distribution

Answer 35

a table including all values of a variable and their relative frequencies

Question 36

bar graphs

Answer 36

put each category of data value on one axis and frequency on other SPACES LEFT

Question 37

Pareto chart

Answer 37

bar graph where the bars are put in descending order

Question 38

side by side bar graph

Answer 38

bar graph where multiple studies are represented by their own colors

Question 39

pie chart

Answer 39

circle broken into sectors which represent a percent of the area corresponding to relative frequencies of variable values

Question 40

histograms

Answer 40

bar charts where rectangles have the same widths TOUCH

Question 41

lower class limit

Answer 41

smallest value in class

Question 42

upper class limit

Answer 42

largest value in class

Question 43

tables for continuous variables

Answer 43

create classes which are intervals of values

Question 44

class width

Answer 44

``` difference between consecutive lower class limits goals: needs to be large enough to have groups with significant freq and small enough to avoid all data to be in 1/2 groups ```

Question 45

stem and leaf plot

Answer 45

for any number the leaf is the right most digit and stem is the number leftover if you erase the leaf

Question 46

dot plots

Answer 46

place dots above each category for each piece of data

Question 47

shape: uniform

Answer 47

every category has the same frequency

Question 48

shape: bell shaped

Answer 48

one highest "peak" frequency in the middle of the data and freq gets smaller as you get further from the peak