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CPCE prep > Stats > Flashcards

Stats Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

The Average: add all numbers and divide by how many numbers you have

A

Mean

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2
Q

When you put all the numbers in order and find the middle number

A

Median

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3
Q

Most frequent number

A

Mode

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4
Q

Highest # minus Lowest # is the:

A

Range

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5
Q

Highest # minus Lowest # +1 is:

A

Inclusive Range

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6
Q

Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient is shown as:

A

r

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7
Q

r2 =

A

shared variance

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8
Q

This is the variable you can manipulate in an experiment:

A

Independent Variable

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9
Q

This is the variable you measure in an experiment:

A

Dependent variable

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10
Q

How flat or peaked a distribution is called:

A

Kurtosis

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11
Q

A flat distribution is called:

A

platykurtic

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12
Q

A peaked distribution is called:

A

Leptokurtic

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13
Q

When there is a lack of symmetry in a distribution, it’s called:

A

skewed

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14
Q

A positive skewed distribution has a tail on the:

A

positive end of the distribution (right side)

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15
Q

A negatively skewed distribution has a tail on the:

A

negative end of the distribution (left side)

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16
Q

this scale of measurement uses names/categories:

A

Nominal

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17
Q

This scale of measurement uses ranks (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

A

Ordinal

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18
Q

This scale of measurement uses point along the sale that are equal. This also has no absolute zero

A

Interval

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19
Q

This scale of measurement has a presence of absolute zero

A

Ratio

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20
Q

What type of correlation do you use when looking at 2 nominal variables (ex: voting preference, such as Republican or Democrat)
a) Rank Biserial
b) Point Biserial
c) Phi Coefficient
d) Pearson Correlation Coefficient
e) Spearman rank coefficient

A

c) Phi Coefficient

(nominal & nominal)

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21
Q

What type of correlation uses a nominal and ordinal scale? (ex: correlation between social class and rank in high school):
a) Rank Biserial
b) Point Biserial
c) Phi Coefficient
d) Pearson Correlation Coefficient
e) Spearman rank coefficient

A

A) Rank Biserial

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22
Q

What type of correlation uses nominal and interval scales (ex: looking at the difference between car ownership and age)
a) Rank Biserial
b) Point Biserial
c) Phi Coefficient
d) Pearson Correlation Coefficient
e) Spearman rank coefficient

A

B) point biserial

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23
Q

What correlation uses ordinal and ordinal scales? (ex: correlation between height and weight):
a) Rank Biserial
b) Point Biserial
c) Phi Coefficient
d) Pearson Correlation Coefficient
e) Spearman rank coefficient

A

e) spearman rank coefficient

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24
Q

What correlation uses interval and interval scales of measurement? (ex: the correlation between number of problems solved and age in years).
a) Rank Biserial
b) Point Biserial
c) Phi Coefficient
d) Pearson Correlation Coefficient
e) Spearman rank coefficient

A

D) Pearson Correlation Coefficient

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25
(Cohen's d) coefficient strength of .8 is a) low b) medium c) high d) none
c) high
26
(Cohen's d) Coefficient strength of .5 is: a) low b) medium c) high d) equal
b) medium
27
(Cohen's d) Coefficient strength of .2 is: a) low b) medium c) high d) non-existant
a) low
28
a positive correlation is also known as a(n): -direct correlation or -indirect correlation
Direct correlation
29
a negative correlation is also known as a(n): -direct correlation or -indirect correlation
indirect correlation
30
On what type of chart do bars touch each others?
histogram
31
On what type of chart do the bars not touch?
Bar graph
32
What type of chart uses trends in data at equal intervals?
Line chart
33
What type of chart or graph is made with nominal variables?
Pie graph
34
If your obtained value (ov) is more extreme than the critical value (cv), do you: a) accept the null hypothesis, b) reject the null hypothesis, c) fail to reject the null hypothesis?
Reject the null hypothesis
35
If your obtained value (ov) is less extreme than the critical value (cv) do you: a) accept the null hypothesis b) reject the null hypothesis c) fail to reject the null hypothesis
c) fail to reject the null hypothesis
36
This test tells you the difference between 2 or more groups:
ANOVA
37
How do you solve for degrees of Freedom?
n-1
38
Type I error: a) False negative b) False positive
b) false positive ex: The pregnant woman's Alpha-Fetoprotein Test wrongly indicates that patient has down syndrome, which means that pregnancy must be aborted for no reason
39
Type II error: a) False negative b) False positive
a) False negative ex: The pregnant mom's Alpha-Fetoprotein Test is negative and the child will be born with multiple anomalies
40
The probability of rejectin a null hypothesis when it's true is known as what type of error?
Type I error
41
The probability of accepting a null hypothesis when it is false is know as what type of error
Type II error
42
How well a test measures what is says it does is called:
Validity
43
The consistency of a test is known as:
Reliability
44
A test for the difference between two or more means:
Analysis of Variance
45
Type of validity that examines how well a test samples a universe of items
Content validity
46
The best estimate of the range of a population value given the sample value:
Confidence interval
47
Numerical index that reflects the relationship between 2 variables, specifically how the value of ones changes when the value of the other changes
Correlation coefficient
48
Type of validity that examines how well a test reflects some criterion that exists in either the present or the future
criterion-based validity
49
Research design used to explore more than one treatment variable:
Factorial design
50
Type of reliability that examines whether items on a test measure only one dimension, construct, or area of interest
Internal consistency reliability
51
A type of reliability that examines whether observers are consistent with one another
Interrater reliability
52
The mean, median, and mode are known as the:
Measures of Central Tendency
53
This test compares a sample mean to a population
one sample z-test
54
a sample is a:
subset of a population
55
a type of reliability that examines a test's consistency over time
test-retest reliability
56
a raw score that is adjusted for the mean and standard deviation of the distribution from which the raw score comes:
z score
57
Used to find if theres a difference in the average scores of one or more variables between 2 groups:
Independent means t test
58
a third variable is sometimes called a ___________ variable:
Confounding
59
In a normal curve, what percent of scores fall between the mean and -1 standard deviation?
34%
60
What percent of scores land between the mean and -1 and +1 standard deviations in a normal curve?
68%
61
what percent of scores fall between the mean and +2 and -1 standard deviations in a normal curve? -1 mean +1 +2
82% of scores
62
What percent of scores fall between the mean and 2 standard deviations (both positive or both negative) on a normal curve?
~ 47.72 or 48%
63
the percent of scores that fall between the mean and -2 and +2 SD on a normal curve is:
95 % of scores
64
a positive z score falls to the ___________ of the mean: a) left b) right
b) right
65
a negative z score falls to the _______ of the mean: a) left b) right
a) left
66
a z score is simple the number of _________ _________ away from the mean
Standard deviations
67
if your z score is +1 then the area between the mean and z is what percent on a bell curve?
34%
68
a z score of 2.5 is what percent of scores on a bell curve?
49.38%
69
this is a standard score that is computed by multiplying the z score by 10 and adding 50
t score
70
When you reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually true:
Type I error
71
When you accept the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is really false:
Type II error
72
If the level of significance is .05, what percent chance do you have of rejecting the null hypothesis when it's true and there really is no group difference?
5%
73
This type of error is sensitive to the number of subjects in a sample; as a sample increases, the probability of this error decreases
Type II error
74
The probability of a raw score falling withing +/- 1.96 z scores or standard deviations is:
95%
75
Probability of a raw score falling within +/- 2.56 z scores or SD's is:
99%
76
A _____ test is a sample and a population
z test
77
a ____ test is two groups/samples
t test
78
What's the difference between a dependent and independent samples t test
dependent = pre/post, 2 groups are related/same; independent is that they are not the same group
79
How well a test can detect and reject a null hypothesis when it is false is known as:
power
80
when your z value is more extreme that the critical value do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
REJECT THE NULL
81
When the z value is below the critical value do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
fail to reject the null (less extreme)
82
When you want to test a group twice after an intervention to see how they improve, you'd use what kind of ANOVA?
Repeated measures ANOVA
83
If the correlation between two variables in .47, how much variance is accounted for?
.47 squared = .2209; 22.09% accounted for
84
The line of best fit is known as a __________ line
regression

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