stem cell, epigentic, genetic modification and DNA Technology

Question 1

totipotent stem cell

Answer 1

limited time in embroyo
into any cell

Question 2

pluripotent stem cell

Answer 2

• embroyo
  -almost any

Question 3

multipotent stem

Answer 3

• mammals
• few type

Question 4

unipotent stem cell

Answer 4

• one type of cell
• mammals

Question 5

induced pluripotent stem cell

Answer 5

pluripotent cell produces from unipotent celby trnscriptin factor

Question 6

epigentic

Answer 6

heritable changes in gene function without changes to the base sequence of dna

Question 7

What changes inhibiting transcription

Answer 7

• increase methylation
• deacrease in actelyation

Question 8

increased methylation

Answer 8

• CH3 attaches to cytosine
• prevents the binding of transciption factors to the promoter sequence so the gene is not expressed

Question 9

decreased actelyation

Answer 9

removal of COCH3 acteyal group becoming more condensed
- transcription is inhibiated as the genes are not accessible to transcription factors

Question 10

benign tumour

Answer 10

• slower
• non-cancerous
• remain differntiated
• cell nucleaus is normal

Question 11

malignant tumour

Answer 11

• faster
• cancerous
  -undiffentinated
• cell nucleus is larger and darker

Question 12

hypermethylation

Answer 12

too much methylation
- tumour suppressor gene are not transcriped
- protein that slow down cell division are not produced
- uncontrolled cell division

Question 13

hypomethylation

Answer 13

too little methylation of proto-oncogenes
- transciped coontinully
- increases production of protein stimulting cell division so uncontolled cell division

Question 14

transgenic orgnisms

Answer 14

organisms has received transferred dna

Question 15

making dna fragement by reverse transcriptase

Answer 15

• mRNA are isolated
  mixed with free nucleotides and reverse transcriptase
• using mRNA template to make cDNA joined togtehr by dna polymese to make a double strands

Question 16

making dna fragements restriction endonuclease

Answer 16

-cuting dna at specific base sequence or recognition site
- restrcition endonuclese cuts produce sticky ends

Question 17

sticky ends

Answer 17

dna o joined on to a different piece of dna

Question 18

gene machine

Answer 18

• no mRNA starnd is required

Question 19

transfermation by restriction endonuclease

Answer 19

• dna cut by restrcition endonuclease
• added promto and terminator
• enzyme RE cuts the plasmidd to allow sticky ends
• DNA ligase
• tanslated in to bacteria to recombined plasmid

Question 20

promtor region

Answer 20

intiates transcription

Question 21

terminator region

Answer 21

stops transcripion by inhibiting mRNA polymerase

Question 22

identification of recmbined genes

Answer 22

gene marker
GEP gene produces green floursent protein
by UV light

Question 23

identification of recmbined genes

Answer 23

gene marker
GEP gene produces green floursent protein
by UV light

Question 24

PCR Steps

Answer 24

• heat at 95 to break H bond
• cool to allows the primer to joins nucielotide
• increase to 72 which is opptimum for dna polymerase

Question 25

role of a primer

Answer 25

provide starting sequence for dna polymerase prevents the dna from rejoinig

Question 26

how dna fragment seperated

Answer 26

gel electrophersis serperated according to size transfered to nylon placed under x-ray

Question 27

dna probes

Answer 27

short single strand that is complemantary to dna base sequence - labelled to be identify

Question 28

dna screening

Answer 28

- make dna probes - use PCR to make copies - extract by restriction endonuclease - seperates by gel elctrohersis - transfeed to nylon membrane - dna probes is added - washed - identified by radioactivities

Question 29

how to identify the relatness between people

Answer 29

- pcr to make copies of the smaple - cut the restriction endonuclease - seperates - treated to form single strands - transfered and viewed