Stem Cells

Question 1

This is a primitive cell that can either self-renew or give rise to more specialized cell types. They differentiate into multiple, functional cell types.

Answer 1

Stem cells

Question 2

Stem cells functionally reconstitute a given tissue _______. For example, one blood stem cell gives rise to red cells, white cells, and platelets.

Answer 2

In vivo

Question 3

What are the characteristics of stem cells?

Answer 3

• • Not terminally differentiated
• • Can divide without limit
• • Undergo slow division

Question 4

When stem cells divide, what happens?

Answer 4

Give rise to 1 cell with stem cell characteristics and the other with the ability to be differentiated.

Question 5

Adult stem cells are _______ specific.

Answer 5

Tissue

Question 6

This type of potency is the ability to give rise to all cells of an organism, including embryonic and extraembryonic tissues (cells which support embryonic development).

Answer 6

Totipotency

Question 7

What is an example of totipotency?

Answer 7

Zygote

Question 8

This type of potency is the ability to give rise to all cells of the embryo and subsequently adult tissues (embryonic stem cells).

Answer 8

Pluripotency

***i.e., Blastocyst of embryo

Question 9

This type of potency is the ability to give rise to different cell types of a given lineage (adult stem cells).

Answer 9

Multipotency

***i.e., tissues from endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

Question 10

In these stem cells, the proportions of body parts are determined early. Each tissue has a fixed number of these cell populations. Programmed to have a fixed number of divisions controlled by short range signals that operate for a few hundred cell diameters. Defines size of large final structures.

Answer 10

Founder stem cells

Question 11

This type of cell are cells that divide frequently. They move from a cell with stem cell characteristics to a differentiated cell and leave the basal layer and incorporate into the layers above.

Answer 11

Transit amplifying cells

Question 12

Transit amplifying cells are programmed to have a limited number of divisions (finite), which part of the strategy for growth control. They are _________.

Answer 12

Committed

Question 13

For a steady pool of stem cells, half of daughter cells must remain as stem cells to retain original DNA. This is accomplished by…

Answer 13

Divisional asymmetry

Environmental asymmetry

Question 14

This is the term for an asymmetric division that may create 2 cells, one with stem cell characteristics and another with factors that give it the ability to differentiate.

Answer 14

Divisional asymmetry

Question 15

This is the term for a division that makes 2 identical cells but environment may influence/alter one cell.

Answer 15

Environmental asymmetry

Question 16

This is the term for the idea that some tissues stem cells selectively retain original DNA, which is a way to prevent genetic errors in stem cells. When divided, one daughter cell will retain the stem cell characteristics and the original strand of DNA is preserved in stem cells from generation to generation. The second cells gets the newly synthesized strand.

Answer 16

Immortal strand hypothesis

Question 17

Embryonic stem cells are (PLURIPOTENT/MULTIPOTENT), meaning they can become any cell in the body. Adult stem cells are undifferentiated and generate cell types in the tissues in which they reside, making them (PLURIPOTENT/MULTIPOTENT).

Answer 17

Pluripotent

Multipotent

Question 18

Stem cells differentiate into specialized cells in stages. Stages involve multiple factors that combine to produce epigenetic markers in the cell’s DNA that restrict DNA expression and thus the type of cell that the stem cell will differentiate into. DNA expression can pass on to daughter cells through cell division or they can retain stem cell status and capability for long-term renewal (i.e., _______ _______ _______).

Answer 18

Immortal strand hypothesis

Question 19

Embryonic stem cells are derived from the ________ stage of embryo. They are capable of proliferating _________ in culture. Have unrestricted developmental potential.

Answer 19

Blastocyst

Indefinitely

Question 20

When embryonic stem cells are put back into the blastocyst, they can integrate well with the embryo and develop into different cel types. What happens if they’re injected to an embryo at a later stage or into an adult?

Answer 20

They fail to receive appropriate sequence of cues for proper differentiation. Can become a tumor.

Question 21

Embryonic stem cells can give rise to _________, which have the ability to differentiate into a wide range of tissues (can have teeth, hair, bone, etc.). They do not display axis formation or segmentation. ES cells are incapable of generating the body play on their own like embryos.

Answer 21

Teratomas

Question 22

This type of stem cell can be found in their blood and bone marrow. It has a greater potency than adult stem cells, but less than embryonic stem cells. Also less ethically contentious.

Answer 22

Fetal stem cells

Question 23

This type of stem cell is found in the umbilical cord and are undifferentiated. No need for gene manipulation and can be banked for use in later life.

Answer 23

Cord blood stem cells

Question 24

This type of stem cell is reliable, has highly reproducible results, and is ethically contentious.

Answer 24

Embryonic stem cells

Question 25

This type of stem cell is done by inducing transcription factors to reprogram adult cells into stem cells. High potential for teratomas.

Answer 25

Induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPS)

Question 26

This type of regenerative medicine combines cloning with stem cell research. The nucleus of a somatic cell is planted into a donor egg cell, and this regenerates an individuals own embryonic stem cells.

Answer 26

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

Question 27

What do ES cells differentiate into when injected into host animals?

Answer 27

``` Cartilage Bone Skin Nerves Gut and respiratory lining ```

Question 28

ES cells + retinoic acid and insulin, thyroid hormone, form what type of cells?

Answer 28

Adipocytes

Question 29

ES cells + retinoic acid form what type of cells?

Answer 29

Neurons

Question 30

ES cells + macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-3, and IL-1 form what type of cells?

Answer 30

Macrophages

Question 31

ES cells + dibutyryl cAMP and retinoic acid form what type of cells?

Answer 31

Smooth muscle cells

Question 32

ES cells + fibroblast growth factor (FGF), FGF-2 form what type of cells?

Answer 32

Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes

Question 33

ES cell therapies help to induce development of specialized cell types and to solve the ________ problems often occurring in transplants.

Answer 33

Rejection

Question 34

What are the transcription factors essential for establishment and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells in the embryo?

Answer 34

Nanog Oct4 Sox2 FoxD3

Question 35

This is required for early stages of pluripotent cell differentiation.

Answer 35

GCNF

Question 36

What are the growth factors found in pluripotent cells?

Answer 36

Cripto | GDF-3

Question 37

This type of stem cell is found in tissues, and responds to demands of growth/repair. It is strictly imposed by molecular restraints on gene expression.

Answer 37

Adult stem cells

Question 38

Adult stem cell therapy can be used for what?

Answer 38

Neuro-regeneration

Question 39

T/F. Adult stem cells have a restricted capacity and growth potential. Harvested cells retain properties of the original tissue type, so you cannot coerce them to express characteristics of different tissue type.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Both of these types of stem cells come from bone marrow and differ in what they can be differentiated as.

Answer 40

Hematopoietic stem cells (become blood components) | Mesenchymal (stromal) stem cells (become connective tissues, tissues)

Question 41

This is a serious problem in adult stem cells. If genetically different, grafted cells can be rejected by host (requires identical genotype).

Answer 41

Immune rejection

Question 42

In iPS cells, the introduction of what transcription factors can induce adult human cells to exhibit properties of ES cells?

Answer 42

Oct4 Sox2 Nanog Lin28

Question 43

Explain how SCNT can be used to treat Type I diabetes.

Answer 43

The somatic cell nucleus is implanted into a donor egg cell. It becomes a blastocyst, and the ES cells are removed and differentiated into pancreatic stem cells. These cells are then injected into the pancreas where they become pancreatic cells that can successfully secrete insulin.