Stems

Question 1

Give the 3 functions and uses of stem

Answer 1

1. framework for leaves, flowers and seeds
2. carry water and minerals from the soil throughout the plant
3. source of wood, food and medicinal compounds

Question 2

Swollen part where leaves, branches and buds are attached

Answer 2

Nodes

Question 3

Distance between two successive nodes

Answer 3

Internode

Question 4

Small, raised dots or ridges for gaseous exchange

Answer 4

Lenticels

Question 5

Angle between the leaf and stem

Answer 5

Axil

Question 6

Underdeveloped shoot

Answer 6

Bud

Question 7

Marks below the axillary bud after a leaf has fallen

Answer 7

Leaf scar or scar

Question 8

Cut ends of vascular bundle seen within each leaf scar

Answer 8

Bundle scar

Question 9

What are the parts of the internal structure of a young dicot stem? (arrange)

Answer 9

Epidermis - Cortex (parenchyma and collenchyma cells) - Pith (middle) - vascular bundle (xylem and phloem) - Interfascicular cambium

Question 10

What type of arrangement is present in a dicot stem?

Answer 10

Circular arrrangement

Question 11

True or False: A dicot stem is an open type.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What type of arrangement is present in a monocot stem?

Answer 12

Scattered arrangement

Question 13

True or False: A monocot stem is a closed type.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What are the three categories under apical meristem?

Answer 14

1. Protoderm
2. Ground meristem
3. Procambium

Question 15

What is the primary tissue under protoderm?

Answer 15

Epidermis

Question 16

What is the primary tissue under ground meristem?

Answer 16

Ground tissues: pith and cortex

Question 17

What is the primary tissue under procambium?

Answer 17

Primary xylem and primary phloem

Question 18

True or false: The ground tissue will eventually become the cork cambium.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What are the two categories under cork cambium?

Answer 19

Cork and phelloderm

Question 20

Produces the radial transport system and gives rise to parenchyma

Answer 20

Ray initials

Question 21

Produces the axial transport system and gives rise to sieve-tube, companion cells, tracheids, vessel elements,, and fibers

Answer 21

Fusiform initials

Question 22

True or false: Early wood = Summer wood

Answer 22

False, spring wood

Question 23

True or false: Late wood = Spring wood

Answer 23

False, summer wood

Question 24

Which of the two types of wood produce band rapidly and thicker?

Answer 24

Spring wood

Question 25

Which of the two types of wood has darker growth rings and narrow layer of wood?

Answer 25

Summer wood

Question 26

True or false: In tropical climates, growth rings are more even and hard to distinguish.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

The science of age of trees

Answer 27

Dendrochronology

Question 28

Inner circle in the wood

Answer 28

Heartwood

Question 29

Outer circle in the wood

Answer 29

Sapwood

Question 30

Give reasons as to why the heartwood darkens

Answer 30

1. Breakage of water columns 2. Fungal attack 3. Formation of tylosis 4. Metabolic changes

Question 31

It is the upper-side of the stem which produces special gelatinous fibers whose walls are rich in cellulose

Answer 31

Angiosperms: Tension wood

Question 32

It is the under-side of the branch which produces fibers whose walls are rich in lignin

Answer 32

Gymnosperms: Compression wood

Question 33

The inner bark is also known as the ___?

Answer 33

Secondary phloem

Question 34

The outer bark is also known as the ___?

Answer 34

Periderm layer

Question 35

True or false: Pine stems have resin ducts

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Yes or no: Formation of cambia around the vessels is an example of anomalous form of growth.

Answer 36

Yes

Question 37

Yes or no: Formation of fibers in monocots is an example of anomalous form of growth.

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

Yes or no: When a type of secondary phloem is located between two bands of xylem, it is a type of anomalous form of growth.

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

Specialized stem: Green photosynthetic stems for reproduction and storage

Answer 39

Cladodes

Question 40

Specialized stem: For storage and reproduction (ex. ginger, turmeric and wasabi)

Answer 40

Rhizome

Question 41

Specialized stem: Short stem covered with fleshy blades (storage and reproduction)

Answer 41

Bulb

Question 42

Specialized stem: For storage and reproduction (ex. gabi or taro)

Answer 42

Corm

Question 43

Specialized stem: Swollen outgrowths of stolon for storage and reproduction (ex. potato)

Answer 43

Tubers

Question 44

Specialized stem: Horizontal above the ground stem for reproduction (ex. strawberry)

Answer 44

Stolons or runners

Question 45

Specialized stem: Mainly used for protection itself

Answer 45

Hooks, spines, and thorns

Question 46

Specialized stem: Climbing . twining stem support

Answer 46

Twiner

Question 47

Distributes sugar and minerals

Answer 47

Phloem

Question 48

Conducts water and minerals

Answer 48

Xylem