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STEP 2 > Step Up: Cardiology > Flashcards

Step Up: Cardiology Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What is the normal ejection fraction?

A

55-75%

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2
Q

What drugs have been shown to reduce mortality in systolic heart dysfunction?

A

ACE Inhibitors
Beta-Blockers
Aldosterone Antagonists

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3
Q

What is the most frequent sign of CHF?

A

S3 heart sound

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4
Q

What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

ABCCCDD

  • Alcohol
  • wet Beriberi
  • Coxsackie B virus
  • Cocaine
  • Chagas disease
  • Doxorubicin toxcity
  • Diptheria

*Also Hemochromatosis

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5
Q

What are the causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

HEALS

  • HTN/Hemochromatosis
  • Endocardial fibroelastosis (kids and babies)
  • Amyloidosis
  • Loffler syndrome (parasite)
  • Aarcoidosis
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6
Q

What is the cause of concentric hypertrophy?

A

increased Pressure (ex. long standing hypertension)

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7
Q

What is the cause of eccentric hypertrophy?

A

increased Volume (ex. dilated cardiomyopathy, valve incompetencies)

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8
Q

What do you expect if a cardiac catheter shows equal pressures in all chambers?

A

chronic constrictive pericarditis

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9
Q

What is Beck Triad?

A

Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended neck veins
(seen in cardiac tamponade)

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10
Q

What is a normal JVP?

A

3-4 cm above the sternal angle

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11
Q

What are the major criteria for rheumatic fever?

A

JONES (Joints, Heart, Nodules, Erythema marginatum, Sydenham chorea)

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12
Q

What are the minor criteria for rheumatic fever?

A

PEACE (previous rheumatic fever, ECG with PR prolongation, Arthralgias, CRP/ESR elevation, and Elevated temperature)

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13
Q

When can you diagnose rheumatic fever?

A

History of recent GAS infection + 2 major criteria OR 1 major and 2 minor criteria

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14
Q

What antihypertensives should you NOT give diabetics?

A

Thiazides (impaired glucose tolerance)

Beta-blockers (mask signs of hypoglycemia)

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15
Q

What antihypertensives should you NOT give CHF patients?

A

CCBs (reduce rate/contractility and can make CHF worse)

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16
Q

What antihypertensives should you NOT give a depressed patient?

A

beta-blockers (can worsen symptoms)

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17
Q

What antihypertensives should NOT be given to pregnant women?

A

Thiazides (need to hold on to fluid)
ACEs
ARBs

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18
Q

What antihypertensives are good in pregnancy?

A

Methyldopa
Labetalol
Mifedipine
(Hydralazine in emergency)

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19
Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

A

blood stasis
hypercoagulability
vascular damage

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20
Q

BP goal for HTN >/= 60?

21
Q

BP goal for HTN

22
Q

What are the first line treatments for HTN in patients who are not black?

Study These Flashcards
A

Thiazide
ACEI
ARB
CCB

23
Q

What are the first line treatments for HTN in black patients?

Study These Flashcards
A

Thiazides

CCBs

24
Q

What is the BP goal for diabetics?

25
What is the treatment for HTN in diabetics?
same as in normal population but different goal
26
What is the treatment for HTN in those with CKD?
ACEI or ARB
27
What type of CCBs can be combined with beta-blockers?
dihydropyridines (ex. nifedipine and amlodipine)
28
Why can't you combine non-dihydropyridine CCBs (verapamil, diltiazem) with beta blockers?
these will reduce heart rate
29
What drugs may you need to use with hydralazine and minoxidil and why?
usually need diuretic and beta-blocker because they cause reflex tachycardia and fluid retention (vasodilators)
30
What is preload?
amount of myocardial stretch at end of diastole (RA pressure, PCWP= LVEDP)
31
What is afterload?
resistance ventricles must overcome to empty contents (SVR)
32
What is MAP?
diastolic arterial pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure)
33
What is pulse pressure?
systolic BP- diastolic BP
34
How do you calculate someone's max heart rate?
220-age
35
What is the HR goal during stress tests?
85% of maximum
36
What drug is used for pharmacologic stress tests?
dobutamine
37
What is the MOA of dobutamine?
ionotrope (stimulates beta-1 receptors on heart)
38
What is a normal MAP?
70-105
39
Which type of secondary heart block is intranodal?
Type I
40
Which type of secondary heart block is infranodal?
Type 2
41
What drug is used to treat V-tach?
amiodarone
42
What is the EKG finding on multifocal atrial tachycardia?
variable morphology of P waves and HR >100
43
How do you treat MAT?
beta-blockers or CCBs
44
What is the gold standard for diagnosing CAD?
coronary angiography
45
When do you perform a CABG?
- Left main stenosis >50% - 3 vessel disease - H/O CAD and DM
46
Where do narrow QRS complexes arise?
supraventricular
47
How do you treat narrow QRS tachycardia?
vagal maneuvers and adenosine
48
Where do wide QRS complexes arise?
ventricle
49
How do you treat wide QRS tachycardia?
amiodarone

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