Steph Badman 4 LECTURES

Question 1

7/8th of ATP production?

Answer 1

from glucose oxidation

Question 2

1/8th of ATP production?

Answer 2

glycolysis

Question 3

Dark and light meat in turkey is due to ?

Answer 3

Difference in mitochondrial content in cells

Question 4

ATP synthase complexes are found?

Answer 4

Within the inner membrane

Question 5

The chemiosmotic theory discovery when and by who

Answer 5

1961 – Peter Mitchell (and Bob Williams)

Question 6

The chemiosmotic theory

Answer 6

Describes energy conversion in essentially all organisms

Question 7

Chemiosmosis

Answer 7

movement of H+ down the concentration gradient

Question 8

Two types of energy stored in mitochondria due to chemiosmosis
?

Answer 8

a chemical gradient (ΔpH)

membrane potential (Δψ)

Question 9

H+ influx is used to drive?

Answer 9

Number of processes

Question 10

P side

Answer 10

where protons now found

Question 11

Protons pumped where

i) Mito
ii) Chloroplasts

Answer 11

i) Into matrix

ii) Thylakoids inside

Question 12

What acts like an electrical resistor?

Answer 12

ATP synthase

Question 13

Uncouplers

Answer 13

energy
converted to heat
rather than ATP
synthesis

Question 14

Blockers

Answer 14

shut down H+ flow so DpH and Dy increase, causing cell death

Question 15

Oligomycin

Answer 15

blocks proton through, cell death

Question 16

Uncoupling agent example in bears

Answer 16

UCPI, short circuited oxidative phos, cells burn more fat to produce enough ATP

HEAT

Question 17

2,4 DNP?

Answer 17

Weight loss

-fatty acid degradation by short circuiting the oxidative phos pathway

Question 18

Nobel prize awarded to who and when for the chemisomotic theory

Answer 18

1978

Peter Michell

Question 19

Other theories other than the chemisomotic theory

Answer 19

chemical:Energy stored was by high energy bond (intermediate) when bond broken energy released

Conformational: Unstable high energy structures (how energy converted to form ATP

Question 20

Experimental evidence for chemiosmotic theory

Answer 20

Efraim Racker and Walter Stoeckenius, 1973:
Light-activated ATP synthesis in reconstituted vesicles
ATP synthase and proton pumps

production of a gradient

Question 21

Protein complexes which make up the electron transport chain ?

Answer 21

complex I,II,III,IV and ATP synthase

Question 22

Porin proteins

Answer 22

provide channels to diffuse the outer membrane of the mito

Question 23

Translocase proteins shuttle?

Answer 23

ATP,ADP,Pi across the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 24

by which source are electrons and protons provided?

Answer 24

NADH AND FADh2

Question 25

How many H+ translocated thorough the electron transport chain?

Answer 25

10 complex I: 4 Complex II: 2 complex III: 2 complex IV: 2

Question 26

How many H+ renter the matrix for every ATP synthesised

Answer 26

four | 3H+ through ATP synthase and 1H+ though phosphate translocase

Question 27

Energy from redox reactions drive?

Answer 27

conformational changes in complexes to move e- across the membrane

Question 28

As we go along the electron transport chain?

Answer 28

reduce the redox potential

Question 29

Biological electron transport, is a series of linked?

Answer 29

oxidation and reduction reactions

Question 30

A(red) +B(ox) >> A(ox) + B(red) A and b are known as

Answer 30

redox couples redox pairs or half cells

Question 31

Four ways in which e- can be transferred from one molecule to another

Answer 31

1. Directly as electrons e. g. fe2+ +Cu2+>>>> Fe3+ + Cu+ 2.As hydrogen atoms (a proton and a single electron): AH2 >> A + 2e– + 2H+ 3. As a H- ion 4. direct combination with oxygen

Question 32

4 Equations needed for calculations of these lectures?

Answer 32

1) Delta G^0'= -nfDeltaE^0' when DeltaE^0'= E^0(acc)-(don) n= no of e- F-faradray constant 2) Delta G^0'= -RTLOGe keq 3) delta G= DeltaH -TdeltaS 4) E^'=E^0' +RT/nf LOGe [e- acc]/[e- donor]

Question 33

Complex II is called

Answer 33

Succinate DH

Question 34

Function of Succinate DH?

Answer 34

form fumarate by transferring a pair of e-'s to FAD>>>FADH2

Question 35

In the final redox complex II

Answer 35

. In the final redox reaction, 2 e– + 2 H+N are used to reduce Q to form QH2.

Question 36

proton translocation in Complex II?

Answer 36

none

Question 37

What does complex II contribute to?

Answer 37

the pool of COQ

Question 38

Complex III has how many binding sites for Q?

Answer 38

two, Qp and Qn

Question 39

Complex III prosthetic groups?

Answer 39

Function as electron carriers Fe-S cluster and Hemes bl bh and c1

Question 40

What molecule is produced in complex III and why

Answer 40

The oxidation of QH2 to produce Q and two molecules of reduced cytochrome c

Question 41

CoQ function in complex III

Answer 41

CoQ uses Q cycle to convert 2e- process into 1e- transfer

Question 42

Complex III named?

Answer 42

Ubiquinone-Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase

Question 43

How many protons contributed to the H+ gradient in complex III?

Answer 43

4

Question 44

Electrons used to??- Complex III?

Answer 44

CYT C reduced by 2e- whilst translocation of 4 H+

Question 45

Dimeric complexes?

Answer 45

2 x 11 subunits

Question 46

Heam types?

Answer 46

three a b c

Question 47

Cyt c heam group characteristic

Answer 47

covalently linked to protein through thiol groups from Cys residues

Question 48

Type a Heam characteristic?

Answer 48

long hydrophobic tall

Question 49

Complex IV. name?

Answer 49

Cytochrome c oxidase

Question 50

What metal ion is used in Complex Iv?

Answer 50

cu

Question 51

How are the two e- passed through complex IV?

Answer 51

Cu then Heam a, Heam 3, cu, then transferred to oxygen

Question 52

H+ used in Complex IV and for what?

Answer 52

2H+ across the membrane | 2H+ needed for the formation of water

Question 53

reaction balanced to form water at complex IV?

Answer 53

2h+ +1/2 02 >>> H20

Question 54

cellular defence to oxygen radicals escaping cells example?

Answer 54

02- +2H+ >>>>> 02 +h202 h202?? 02 +h20 Enzyme: Superoxdide dismutase

Question 55

Complexes do not?

Answer 55

Exist by them selves

Question 56

All complexes have regions within?

Answer 56

mitochondrial matrix

Question 57

Some/ which have complexes within the intramembrane space?

Answer 57

complex III and IV