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Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques > Sterilization and Disinfection > Flashcards

Sterilization and Disinfection Flashcards

1
Q

Sanitization

A

a process that removes organic material and reduces the number of microorganisms to a safe level

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2
Q

decontamination

A

the use of physical or chemical means to remove or destroy pathogens on an item

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3
Q

detergent

A

an agent that cleanses by emulsifying dirt and oil

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4
Q

disinfectant

A

an agent used to destroy pathogenic microorganisms, does not kill spores; generally applied to inanimate objects

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5
Q

spore

A

a hard, thick-walled capsule that some bacteria form by losing moisture and condensing their contents to contain only essential parts of the protoplasm of the cell

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6
Q

Examples of bacteria that form spores

A

clostridium botulinum and clostridium tetani

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7
Q

sterilization

A

the process of destroying all forms of microbial life including spores

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8
Q

sterile

A

free from all microorganisms and spores

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9
Q

autoclave

A

used to sterilize items in the medical office

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10
Q

HCS

A

Hazard Communication Standard

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11
Q

Purpose of HCS

A

-Required by OSHA, to ensure that employees are informed of the hazards of chemicals in the workplace

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12
Q

Hazardous chemical

A

any chemical that presents a threat to the health and safety of an individual that comes into contact with it

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13
Q

HCS states that employees have a right to know about

A

hazardous chemical in their workplace and precautions to protect themselves when working with it

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14
Q

HCS consists of the following components:

A

a. development of a hazardous communication program
b. inventory of hazardous chemicals
c. labelling requirements
d. material and safety data sheet requirements
e. employee information and training

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15
Q

Hazard Communication Program

A
  • consists of a written plan: describes what the facility is doing to meet the requirements of HCS
  • must be made available to all employees who work with hazardous chemicals
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16
Q

Inventory of Hazardous Chemicals

A

Required by HCS, employer must develop and maintain a list of hazardous chemicals, used and stored in the workplace.
List must include:
name of chemical, manufacturer, hazardous ingredients and health and safety ratings of chemical

  • must be updated as new chemicals are acquired
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17
Q

Labeling of Hazardous chemicals

A
  • manufacturer must label hazardous chemicals with a warning that it is dangerous
  • must include: possible hazards of the chemical, steps to take to protect against risks, warnings to indicate physical and health hazards
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18
Q

Container Label requirements

A
  • Name of chemical
  • manufacturer/supplier information
  • physical hazards of the chemical
  • health hazards of the chemical
  • safety precautions
  • storing, handling and disposal of chemical
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19
Q

standards for MSDS

A
  • provides more detailed information than container label on hazards of the chemical and measures to take to prevent injury or illness
  • must be kept on file for each hazardous chemical used or stored
  • must be readily accessible to employees
  • manufacturers must provide MSDS with every hazardous chemical
20
Q

Information that must be on MSDS

A

a. identification including: generic chemical name, brand name of chemical, manufacturer’s information, date the MSDS was prepared
b. composition of ingredients: list of ingredients in the hazardous chemical, exposure limits of each chemical
c. physical and chemical characteristics, such as: appearance and odor, boiling point, vapor pressure, odor threshold, pH level, melting/freezing point
d. fire and explosion data: the circumstances that may cause a fire or explosion, what to do if it occurs
e. reactivity data: substances and conditions from which the chemical should be kept away from to prevent a dangerous reaction
f. health hazard data: route of entry, skin contact, eye contact, inhalation, ingestion
g. emergency first aid procedures: identifies first aid measures to take if exposed to the chemical

h, precautions for safe handling and use

i. control measures: measures to use to avoid exposure to hazardous chemicals

21
Q

Sanitization

A

series of steps to remove organic material and to reduce microorganisms to a safe level

22
Q

Ultrasound method

A

ultrasonic cleaning, vibrations occur that loosen and remove debris

23
Q

Guidelines for sanitizing instruments

A
  1. Wear utility gloves over disposable gloves
  2. handle instruments carefully: do not drop or throw into a basin, do not pile in a heap, keep sharp instruments separate
  3. follow instructions on labels of chemical agents
  4. use proper cleaning agent
  5. use proper cleaning devices
  6. inspect each instrument for defects and proper working condition
  7. lubricate hinged instruments
24
Q

Disinfection

A

process of using chemical agents in destroying pathogenic microorganisms, does not kill spores

25
Q

High level disinfection

A
  • destroys all microorganisms with the exception of bacterial spores
  • used for semicritical items such as sigmoidoscope
  • ie. 2% gluteraldehyde or cidex
26
Q

semicritical

A

comes in contact with nonintact skin, or intact mucous membranes

27
Q

Cidex

A

a high level disinfectant that does not contain gluteraldehyde, less toxic and safer to handle

28
Q

intermediate-level disinfection

A

inactivates tubercle bacilli, all vegetative bacteria, most viruses and fungi

  • does not kill bacterial spores
  • used for noncritical items such as stethoscopes, blood pressure cuffs

ie. isopropyl alcohol

29
Q

noncritical item

A

an item that comes in contact with intact skin but not mucous membranes

30
Q

low-level disinfectant

A
  • kills most bacteria, some viruses, does not kill resistant microorganisms or spores
  • commonly used to disinfect work surfaces
    ie. sodium hydrochloride, phenolics
31
Q

alcohol

A

frequently used in medical office, intermediate to low level disinfectant
ie. ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol

32
Q

Phenolics

A

used on walls, furniture, floors and laboratory work surfaces

33
Q

Guidelines for disinfection

A
  1. sanitize articles before disinfecting them
  2. observe safety precautions
  3. properly prepare and use the disinfectant
  4. properly store the disinfectant
34
Q

Sterilization

A

process of destroying all forms of microbial life including bacterial spores
-used to process critical items

35
Q

critical items

A

an item that comes in contact with sterile tissue or the vascular system

36
Q

Physical sterilization methods

A
  1. steam under pressure (autoclave)
  2. hot air (dry heat oven)
  3. radiation
37
Q

Chemical sterilization methods

A

ethylene oxide gas and cold sterilization

38
Q

Autoclave

A

uses steam under pressure to sterilize semicritical items

39
Q

At what temperature does the autoclave begin to sterilize?

A

250 degrees Fahrenheit or 121 degrees Celsius

40
Q

What is the measurement of pressure an autoclave operates at?

A

15 pounds per square inch

41
Q

Sterilization in an autoclave consists of:

A

a. monitoring program
b. sanitizing articles
c. wrapping articles
d. operating the autoclave
e. handling and storing packs
f. maintaining the autoclave

42
Q

Monitoring program of an autoclave

A
  1. recommended by CDC
  2. Consists of written policies for each step of the sterilization process
    b. sterilization indicators to ensure minimum sterilization conditions have been achieved
    c. records for each cycle are maintained in an autoclave log: date and time of cycle, description of load, exposure time, exposure temperature, results of sterilization indicator and initials of operator
43
Q

Sterilization indicator

A
  1. purpose is to determine effectiveness of the sterilization procedure
    - checks against: improper wrapping of articles, improper loading of autoclave, faulty operation of autoclave
  2. an article is not sterile unless steam has penetrated to its center
  3. most reliable indicators check for attainment of proper temperature
    b. duration of temperature
  4. if indicator does not change properly
    a. may be a problem in: sterilization technique or working condition of autoclave

ie. autoclave tape and chemical indicator

44
Q

biological indicator

A

best means to determine effectiveness of sterilization, CDC recommends to use at least once a week

  • each indicator contains 3 tests; each containing living bacterial spores in a small envelope
  • placed in area least accessible to steam
  • after exposure to steam indicators are processed
45
Q

Wrapping articles for autoclave

A

purpose: to protect sterile articles from recontamination during handling and storage

-articles must be sanitized first
-wrapping material should allow steam to penetrate, prevent dust and microorganisms from reentering, does not tear or puncture easily
Different types of wrapping: sterilization paper, sterilization pouches, muslin

Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques (4 decks)

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