STI infections & common genital symptoms Flashcards by Hannah Falconer

What is a commensal micro-organism?

A micro-organism that derives food or other benefits from another organism without hurting or helping it

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a pathogen?

A micro-organism that can cause disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a sexually transmissible microbe?

A virus, bacteria or protozoan which can be spread by sexual contact

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an STI?

An infection by a pathogen which is sexually transmissible and which is unlikely to be transmitted by non-sexual means

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an STD?

A disorder of structure or function caused by a sexually transmitted pathogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are examples of bacterial STI’s?

Chlamydia trachomatis
Klebsiella granulomatis
Mycoplasma genitalium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are examples of viruses which are STI’s?

HSV
HIV
HPV
Molluscum contagiosum virus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are examples of parasites which cause STI’s?

Pthirus pubis
Sarcoptes scabei
Trichomonas vaginalis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the characteristics on an STI?

Transmissible
Asymptomatic most of time
All manageable, but not always curable
Avoidable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are implications of STI’s?

Partner notification
Hard to eradicate, prevention
Treatment & prevention of complications
Primary prevention - education

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can be spread via genital contact only?

Pubic lice
Scabies
Warts (HPV 6 &11)
Herpes (HSV 1 & 2)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can be spread via group sex?

Hepatitis C

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why are STIs important?

Morbidity
Unpleasant symptoms
Psychological distress
Cost of resources
Common

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are common STI presentations?

Ulceration
Lumps
Discharge
Rashes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are systemic symptoms of STIs and adverse outcomes?

Fever
Rash
Lymphadenopathy
Malaise
Infertility
Cancer
Adverse pregnancy outcomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why do diagnoses of STIs change over time?

True change in number of cases

Change in diagnoses but no actual change in number of cases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the equation R0=βcD mean?

R0 = reproductive number (average no of infections produced)
β = likelihood of transmission
c = rate of acquiring new partners
D = duration of infectivity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

With the equation R0=βcD, what does R0>1 mean for no of STI cases?

Epidemic is sustained

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

With the equation R0=βcD, what does R0<1 mean for no of STI cases?

Epidemic reduces

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the NATSAL study?

National survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyle every 10yrs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the sexual network analysis?

Modelling and mapping spread of STIs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are ‘cores’ and assortative mixing?

High prevalence within subpopulation but limited spread through wider community e.g. IVDU

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does random mixing mean for STI spread?

Lower prevalence but wider dissemination along ‘chains’

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the principles of management in someone presenting with STI?

Study These Flashcards

History
HIV testing
Partner notification
Health promotion

What is necessary in sexual history?

``` Presenting complaint - direct q's about symptoms HxPC PM/SHx DHx Gynae Hx ```

What are questions to ask in sexual history?

``` When did you last have sexual contact? Casual contact vs regular partner? How long with partner? Male or female partners? Nature of sex act sometimes Did you use condoms? Other contraception used? Nationality of contact? ```

What are risk assessment questions for a man?

Have you ever had sexual contact with a man? Have you ever injected drugs? Sexual contact with someone who has injected drugs/outside the UK? Medical treatment outside UK? Involvement with sex industry/prostitute?

What are the two ways of partner notification 'contact tracing'?

Patient tell contacts - 'client referral' | NHS tells contacts - 'provider referral'

If someone has an STI what should you offer?

HIV testing

What are health promotion options for STIs?

Condoms - HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhoea NOT herpes, warts | Alcohol and drug advice

What are common genital symptoms/presenting complaints?

``` Discharge Pain Rashes Lumps and swellings Cuts, sores, ulcers Itching Change in appearance Vague sense something not right ```

What could be causing STI-like symptoms?

STI Other microbial problem Non-microbial

What are microbial conditions not regarded at STDs?

``` Vulvovaginal candidosis Bacterial vaginosis Balanoposthitis Tinea cruris Erythrasma Infected sebaceous glands Impetigo Cellultitis ```

What organism usually causes vulvovaginal candidosis?

Candida albicans

Where is candida albicans in vulvovaginal candidosis usually acquired from?

Bowel

What are the signs/symptoms of vulvovaginal candidosis?

Asymptomatic | Symptomatic 'thrush': itch, discharge 'cottage cheese' or just increased amount

What are the risk factors for vulvovaginal candidosis?

``` Diabetes Oral steroids Immune suppression Pregnancy Reproductive age group ```

How is vulvovaginal candidosis diagnosed?

History | Exam findings: fissuring, erythema with satellite lesions, discharge

What are the investigations for vulvovaginal candidosis?

Gram stained preparation | Culture

What is the treatment for vulvovaginal candidosis?

Azole antifungals: clotrimazole PV once + clotrimazole HC if vulvitis or fluconazole PO once Maintain skin - avoid irritants, treat dermatitis

What is the commonest cause of abnormal vaginal discharge?

Bacterial vaginosis

What are the signs/symptoms of bacterial vaginosis?

Asymptomatic 50% Watery grey/yellow 'fishy' discharge Worse after period/sex Sore/itch from dampness

What is bacterial vaginosis caused by?

Imbalance of bacteria rather than infection | Biofilm problem

What are the bacteria changes in bacterial vaginosis?

Increased anaerobes | Reduced lactobacilli

What are complications associated with bacterial vaginosis?

Endometriosis Premature labour Risk of HIV acquisition

What is the investigation for bacterial vaginosis?

Gram stained smear of vaginal discharge

What is the treatment for bacterial vaginosis?

Metronidazole: oral or vaginal gel Clindamycin: vaginal

What is Zoon's balanitis?

Chronic inflammation secondary to overgrowth of commensal organism plus foreskin malfunction

What is candidal balanitis?

Inflammation to the glans of the penis due to candida albicans

What usually causes impetigo on the penis?

Staph aureus | Strep pyogenes

What is a genital dermatophyte infection usually caused by?

Trichophyton rubrum

What is tine cruris?

Fungal infection that affects the skin of your genitals, inner thighs and buttocks

What is erythrasma?

A superficial skin infection that causes brown, scaly skin patches

What are Fox-Fordyce spots?

Visible sebaceous glands that are present in most individuals. They appear on the genitals as small, painless, raised, pale, red or white spots or bumps 1 to 3 mm in diameter that may appear on the scrotum, shaft of the penis or on the labia, as well as the inner surface (retromolar mucosa) and vermilion border of the lips of the face

What are vulval papillomatosis?

Pink, asymptomatic fine projections of the vestibular epithelium or labia minora

What are penile pearly papules?

Small protuberances that may form on the ridge of the glands of the penis, normal anatomical variation

What are Tyson's glands?

Modified sebaceous glands located around the corona and inner surface of the prepuce of the human penis

What are other causes of genital symptoms?

``` Pain syndromes Dermatoses Congenital Trauma Neoplasm Manifestations of systemic disease ```

STI infections & common genital symptoms Flashcards

(58 cards)