StimulatingBeverages

Question 1

Stimulating beverages contain what?

Answer 1

Compounds that stimulate the central nervous system

Question 2

3 Examples of stimulating beverages

Answer 2

Coffee, Tea, Chocolate

Question 3

What is the active ingredient of coffee, and what kind of compound is it

Answer 3

Caffeine, Alkaloid compound

Question 4

What does caffeine do?

Answer 4

Increases cellular metabolism (adrenergic), diuretic

Question 5

What plant does coffee come from? What part is used?

Answer 5

Seeds from the Coffea arabica or rubiaceae tree, coffee family

Question 6

What part of the world is coffee native to?

Answer 6

Highlands of Ethiopia

Question 7

What kind of a plant does coffee come from?

Answer 7

Small evergreen tree/shrub

Question 8

Where is coffee grown and why

Answer 8

tropics, 3000-6000ft elevation for cool stable temperatures

Question 9

When was coffee made into a drink and by who?

Answer 9

Arabs in 13th century

Question 10

When was coffee introduced to Europe?

Answer 10

1615, coffee houses quickly flourished

Question 11

Who had the original monopoly on coffee and who took it away?

Answer 11

Arabs until Dutch took seed to East Indies (Java)

Question 12

Who brought coffee to americas?

Answer 12

Coffee brought to french and dutch colonies via Europe

Question 13

Who is the current largest and second largest coffee producers today?

Answer 13

Brazil since 1730, and 2nd Vietnam

Question 14

What is the worlds second most traded commodity?

Answer 14

Coffee

Question 15

What are the 3 main species of coffee and what is the species of choice?

Answer 15

arabica species of choice, robusta, liberica

Question 16

How is coffee processed?

Answer 16

• Seed removed from fruit
• Fermentation (Dry or Wet)
• Roasted (200-230 for 15 mins)

Question 17

Which type of roast has more caffiene?

Answer 17

Lighter roast, almost ‘green’

- Dark has least

Question 18

Which coffee fermentation process produces more flavour?

Answer 18

Wet

Question 19

What are 3 decaffeination methods for coffee?

Answer 19

• Extract w/ organic solvent
• Swiss water diffusion
• Carbon dioxide diffusion

Question 20

What does tea come from?

Answer 20

Leaves of Camellia saneness, Theaceae, tea family

- Pruned repeatedly

Question 21

What is the most common beverage next to water?

Answer 21

Tea

Question 22

Where is tea grown?

Answer 22

Tropics, slight elevations

Question 23

Why did colonial tea production become more important?

Answer 23

When coffee crop fell to fungal infection in Sri Lanka

Question 24

What is the legend of the discovery of tea?

Answer 24

• Chinese Emperor Sheng Nung (5000 years ago) had leaves fall into his boiling water
• Or meditating Buddhist monk in India

Question 25

When was tea brought to Europe?

Answer 25

1610

Question 26

Who made tea the national beverage

Answer 26

Britain

Question 27

Which beverage came to Europe 1st? Coffee or Tea

Answer 27

Tea (1610) before Coffee (1615)

Question 28

What was tea consumption in lb/yr in 1664 vs 1813

Answer 28

- 100 lb/yr in 1664 | - 14,500,000 in 1813

Question 29

What is the chemical composition of tea

Answer 29

- Contains caffeine and theophylline and theobromine | - Large # of tannins and phenolic compounds

Question 30

What is the role of phenolic compounds in tea?

Answer 30

- Gives tea colour

Question 31

What is the effect of variations in content of phenoics and essential oils in tea?

Answer 31

Make different tastes

Question 32

What determines the flavour of tea?

Answer 32

- variations in phenoics | - method of processing

Question 33

How is black tea processed

Answer 33

- Leaves withered, rolled, and crushed - Releases enzymes in leaves that cause fermentation - Dried w/ hot air to stop reaction - Produces browner and stronger tasting tea

Question 34

How is green tea processed?

Answer 34

- Leaves steamed, rolled and twisted | - Less chemical polymerization

Question 35

What is a method of modifying the flavour of tea externally?

Answer 35

- Additions like jasmine flowers | - Earl Grey has bergamot oil

Question 36

What is the historic role of tea?

Answer 36

- High demand from Britain led to debt w/ China - British East India Company brought opium from India to China to induce addiction and reduce their debt - Led to Opium wars

Question 37

Describe the Opium Wars

Answer 37

- 1839-1842 when China seized opium import from Britain - China lost war to British Royal Navy - But China maintained control of tea production and opium problem remained

Question 38

How was Chinese tea monopoly broken, when, and by who?

Answer 38

- Scottish botanist, Robert Fortune infiltrated tea industry in 1848 - Visited plantation disguised as Chinese Mandarin - Learned how to process and smuggled plants to India - Broke monopoly

Question 39

What plant does chocolate come from?

Answer 39

- Cocoa bean, seed of Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae, cotton family, small tree

Question 40

Where does chocolate come from?

Answer 40

- Small tree native to tropical America, wet warm climate

Question 41

Where does the cocoa bean grow on the tree?

Answer 41

- In a large fruit pod hanging from the trunk and branches of tree - Seeds surrounded by pulp inside pod

Question 42

What chemical compounds does cocoa contain?

Answer 42

- Caffeine | - Theobromine

Question 43

Where did chocolate originate

Answer 43

Central American beverage approx. 3000 ya | - Mayan and Aztec religious ceremonies

Question 44

How is a drink made with cacao?

Answer 44

- Roasted cacao beans, mixed with child, vanilla, and red colourings - Spanish added sugar to drink

Question 45

What did the Spanish add to chocolate beverages?

Answer 45

When Spanish monopolized cocoa in 1600's they added sugar to compete w/ coffee and tea

Question 46

When was chocolate first made into a bar and by who?

Answer 46

1847 by English company J.S. Fry

Question 47

How are cacao beans processed?

Answer 47

- Fermented to develop flavour | - Dried/roasted mildly at 100-200 degrees C

Question 48

Are cacao beans nutritious?

Answer 48

- Highly nutritious | - 50% cocoa butter

Question 49

How much cocoa butter is in the beans?

Answer 49

50%

Question 50

Which country eats the most chocolate and how much per person per year?

Answer 50

- Switzerland | - 12kg/person/year

Question 51

What is cocoa butter also used for?

Answer 51

- Cosmetics creams

Question 52

Why is cocoa butter removed to different extents?

Answer 52

- To manipulate solubility

Question 53

What are the chemical effects of chocolate?

Answer 53

- Euphoric feelings by acting on cannabinoid receptors | - Antioxidant phenolic compounds

Question 54

What is the Kola nut, where is it from, what is it used for?

Answer 54

- Tree relative to cacao from West Africa, cotton family like chocolate - Contains caffeine - Flavouring of Coca Cola

Question 55

What are 2 other forms of caffeine beverages?

Answer 55

- Mate | - Guarana

Question 56

Mate

Answer 56

Leaves of Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae, holly family, Ilex guayusa in Peru

Question 57

Guarana

Answer 57

- Paullina cupana, Sapindaceae in Brazil - Added to Brazilian soft drinks - Found in many energy drinks

Question 58

What is the purpose of caffeine alkaloids in these plants?

Answer 58

- Distasteful to herbivores - Toxic to insect larvae - Inhibit germination of other plants on the ground - 'marker' in nectar for repeat pollinator visit

Question 59

What is the Genus for Coffee?

Answer 59

Coffia

Question 60

What does roasting do for coffee?

Answer 60

- Changes compounds and flavours become more accessible - Sugar browns = browner bean = increased flavour - Bean looks oilier with more roasting

Question 61

How is instant coffee made?

Answer 61

- Coffee is vaporized in a large chamber - Coffee settles and dries - Powder collected

Question 62

What happens to the caffeine is removed during coffee decaffeination?

Answer 62

- Used in other beverages | - Cola, energy drinks, etc.

Question 63

Why did decaffeination start?

Answer 63

- German chemist thought father died from caffeine so developed removal

Question 64

Which country is top producer of tea currently? Followed by what other countries?

Answer 64

- China | - Followed by India and Turkey

Question 65

Which tea has the most caffeine?

Answer 65

- Black, followed by green, then white

Question 66

Is the flavour from tea internal or external?

Answer 66

- External from processing | - Not internal b/c from same plant

Question 67

Which country is the largest producer of chocolate currently? Is there an issue with this?

Answer 67

- West Africa, Ivory Coast, Ghana | - Poor countries where workers probably never get to even try chocolate, concern over worker treatment