stiner- wound healing

Question 1

epidermis has how many layers? which layer is responsible for cell division

Answer 1

5, Stratum basale (germinativum)

Question 2

epidermis characteristics

Answer 2

not vascularized,

karatinized/nonkaratinized

Question 3

which skin layer is vasularized?

Answer 3

dermis

Question 4

intact endothelial surfaces are ______

Answer 4

antithrombotic

Question 5

what is thrombosis

Answer 5

formation of blood clot inside blood vessel

Question 6

2 vasodilators and platelet inhibitors?

Answer 6

NO

prostacyclin

Question 7

Prostacyclin does what

Answer 7

decrease thromboxane

decrease PDGF

Question 8

thromboxane does what

Answer 8

platelet aggregation, vasoconstrictor too

Question 9

PDGF does what

Answer 9

platelet adhesion to vessel walls

Question 10

what does NO do?

Answer 10

inhibits platelet recruitment and adhesion

Question 11

break in skin causes what

Answer 11

hemostasis

Question 12

what is hemostasis?

Answer 12

process that causes bleeding to stop

Question 13

3 phases of wound healing

Answer 13

inflammtion phase
proliferation phase
remodeling and maturation phase

Question 14

3 parts of inflammation phase

Answer 14

intial injury and vascular response
blood coagulation
inflammation

Question 15

after initial injury endothelial cells secrete what

Answer 15

von Hillebrand factor
seratonin
thromboxane

Question 16

hemostasis steps

Answer 16

1. vasoconstriction
2. temporary blockage by platelet plug
3. blood coagulation/ clot formation

Question 17

what is Hemorrhaging

Answer 17

bleeding

Question 18

clot formation is a result of ______ converted to _____

Answer 18

fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 19

vasoconstriction, an immediate response, is done by _____ and ______ , decreasing blood flow

Answer 19

prostaglandins, thromboxanes- released from damaged membranes (rational behind applying pressure)

Question 20

platelet plug forms as platelets attached to what

Answer 20

exposed collagen

Question 21

activated platelets release what? and what do they do

Answer 21

cytokins. stimulate recruitment of more platelets and vasoconstriction.

Question 22

20 minutes post-wound what happens and by what

Answer 22

vasodilation by histamine

Question 23

histamine aids in what

Answer 23

blood vessels become leaky, easier for leukocytes to infiltrate.

Question 24

coagulation happens how long after blood vessel injury?

Answer 24

almost instant

Question 25

primary hemostasis

Answer 25

formation of platelet plug

Question 26

secondary hemostasis

Answer 26

Clotting factors, which are proteins, form fibrin strands Strengthens the seal (happens at same time)

Question 27

Exposure of blood to subendothelial collagen activates the _______ pathway

Answer 27

intrinsic pathway

Question 28

Exposure of blood to subendothelial tissue factor on fibroblast also activates ______ pathway

Answer 28

extrinsic pathway

Question 29

intrinsic pathway beings where?

Answer 29

collagen surface

Question 30

(pro)thrombin in is present in which pathway

Answer 30

extrinsic

Question 31

primary function of thrombin

Answer 31

convert fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 32

The clot is maintained by the continued activation

Answer 32

VIII and IX

Question 33

what is fibrinolysis

Answer 33

prevent to much fibrin from being formed.

Question 34

what carries this process out?

Answer 34

plasminogen binds fibrin and is converted to plasmin by tPA

Question 35

tPA made by what

Answer 35

endothelial cells

Question 36

what mediates the binding of Xa and IXa to the phospholipid surfaces expressed by platelets

Answer 36

Calcium

Question 37

what does calcium do in wound healing?

Answer 37

mediates binding of lXa and Xa to the phospholipid surface expressed by platelets

Question 38

what is required for the addition of a carboxyl group to glutamic acid residues on factors II, VII, IX and X

Answer 38

vitamin K

Question 39

what is a Key target for anticoagulant drugs warfarin and coumarins

Answer 39

vitamin K

Question 40

mechanisms that regulate platelet adhesion and coagulation cascade

Answer 40

1. Protein C 2. antithrombin 3. tissue factor inhibitor 4. Plasmin 5. Prostacylin

Question 41

major endogenous anticoagulant

Answer 41

Protein C

Question 42

Protein C is activated by what and dependent on what?

Answer 42

thrombin, vitamin K

Question 43

tissue factor inhibitor does what

Answer 43

restricts the action of tissue factors

Question 44

Prostacylin does what

Answer 44

leads to activation of cAMP inhibits platelet activation by decreasing cytoplasmic Ca2+

Question 45

fist immune cells to arrive...second?

Answer 45

neutrophils | macrophages

Question 46

neutrophil function

Answer 46

scavenge for bacteria and clear wound of cellular and foreign debris

Question 47

eosinophil

Answer 47

killing of antibody coated parasites

Question 48

macrophages function

Answer 48

``` killing bacteria, phagocytizing bacteria but also mediate angiogenesis synthesize nitric oxide form fibrous tissue also stimulate cells that reepithelialize the wound, create granulation tissue, and lay down a new ECM ```

Question 49

parts of proliferation phase

Answer 49

angiogenesis epithelialization granulation/tissue formation

Question 50

proliferation phase begins how many days after wound?

Answer 50

4 days

Question 51

characterized by presence of what

Answer 51

fibroblast

Question 52

angiogenesis

Answer 52

Endothelial cells migrate to site to repair damaged vessels | new vascular networks

Question 53

what is the main cell type responsible for granulation tissue

Answer 53

fibroblast

Question 54

what is granulation

Answer 54

fibroblasts and endothelial cells replace the immature matrix with a collagen-fortified ECM forming new granulation tissue

Question 55

endothelial cells are attracted to places to form new vessels by what and what

Answer 55

fibronectin and angiogenic factors (macrophages and platelets secret these things)

Question 56

Endothelial growth and proliferation directly stimulated by

Answer 56

hypoxia and presence of lactic acid

Question 57

When adequate vascularization achieved what happens

Answer 57

Hypoxia and lactic acid-induced growth factor release ceases and angiogenesis stops

Question 58

epithelialization (cell and what factors)

Answer 58

Keratinocytes secrete TGF-β and KGF

Question 59

what do TGF-β and KGF do?

Answer 59

Stimulate cell division and repair of damaged epithelium

Question 60

remodeling phase begins when?

Answer 60

week after wound

Question 61

initial component of ECM during this phase?

Answer 61

fibronectin