Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro Final (Lauren, Shelby, and Annie) > STIs 🕷 > Flashcards

STIs 🕷 Flashcards

1
Q

Which STI bacteria must be reported to the health department?

A

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Neisseria gonorrhea

Chlamydia trachomatis

Ureaplasma irealyticum

Mycoplasma genitalia morning

Haemophilus ducreyi

Calymmatoabcterium granulomatosis

(Prob dont need to know all these if we never even talked about them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 STIs that are Ulcerative (cause tissue damage)

A

Syphilis

Chancroid

Genital herpes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 STIs that are nonulcerative?

A

Gonorrhea

Trichomoniasis

Chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Do all Treponoma species cause STDs?

A

No there are some that cause skin lesions in developing countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is “the great imposter”

A

Syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What bacteria causes syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treponema pallidum

gram:

Shape:

A

Gram negative

Spirochete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or false:

Treponema pallidum is an obligate intracelluar parasite

A

True.

Reason we can’t make a syphilis vaccine (doesn’t do anything outside of a cell= no antibodies= no vaccine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the virulence factors of treponema pallidum?

A

Fibronectin coat is antiphagocytic**

Hyaluronidase facilitates perivascular infiltration

Membrane proteins promote adherence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes the lesions in syphilis?

A

Over exaggerated immune response from the body. NOT from the bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you usually get syphilis?

A

Sex with someone who has active primary or secondary lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do monkeys and mice get syphilis?

A

No only humans

Makes it hard to study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the stages of syphilis?

A

Primary infection- symptomatic

Latency- 2-10 weeks- hiding inside your cells, asymptomatic

Secondary- symptomatic

Latency- can last many years

Tertiary- goes to brain/CSF, heart, bone, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

During syphilis latency, do you ever go down to ZERO bacteria in your body

A

No, they are just dormant, hiding inside your cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens in primary syphilis

A

Bug gets in through break in skin or through epithelial cells

Primary lesion develops and surface necrosis results in a CHANCRE formation which may be in an inapparent site (ex inside the vagina)

Untreated lesion heals in 3-8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the principal lesion of primary syphilis

A

Chancre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the stages of the syphilis chancre?

A

Begins as a papule->

Superficial erosion ->

Serous exudate with the formation of a grayish, bloody crust ->

Base is usually smooth and the border is RAISED, FIRM, and INDURATED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How long does the first latency period of syphilis last?

A

2-10 weeks *******

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens in secondary syphilis

A

Development of a maculopapular** rash (lesions are highly infective)

Mucosal warty lesions (condyloma lata ***) in 1/3 of patients

Immune complexes form in arteriolar walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens during latent syphilis?

A

Absence of all signs and symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is it better to go into latent syphilis more than ONE YEAR after infection?

A

Because your body has had enough exposure to the active disease, it can build a memory-based immune response =

Less likely to get a relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the prognosis for untreated syphilis?

A

Spontaneous cure in 1/3

Seropositivity without disease in 1/3

Tertiary syphilis in 1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens in tertiary syphilis?

A

Neurosyphilis- meningovascular changes and cortical degeneration

Cardiovascular syphilis- aneurysm of ascending aorta

Granulomata (gummas)- warty lesions in skin, bones, joints= late/benign syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How long after infection does tertiary syphilis show up?

A

5-20 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the symptoms that a baby was born with syphilis?

A

Maculopapular lesions

Nasal obstruction with mucous discharge that is infectious

Osteitis of nasal bones

Neurosyphilis

HUTCHINSONS TRIAD:
Notched incisors 🦷
Interstitial keratitis
8th nerve deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Hutchinson’s triad?>

A

Signs of congenital syphilis

  1. Notched incisors🦷
  2. Interstitial keratitis👁
  3. 8th nerve deafness 👂🏻
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where do chancres show up?

A

ANYWHERE ON THE BODY

LOOK INSIDE THE VAGINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Until proven otherwise, every genital lesion should be considered _________

A

Syphilitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do you diagnose syphilis?

A

Darkfield Microscopy- visualize treponema from lesions

Nontreponemal tests-cheap, nonspecific screening tests (VDRL, RPR)

Treponemal tests- expensive, SPECIFIC antibody tests used to confirm a positive screening test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are most cases of syphilis diagnosed?

A

Serologically. (2 steps)

1st: Nontreponomal- RPR or VDRL as a nonspecific screening
2nd: Treponomal-specific antibody test that will CONFIRM a screening test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What things can neisseria gonorrhoeae cause

A

Arthritis**

Urethritis

Cervicitis

Salpingitis

PID

Proctitis

Bacteremia

Conjunctivitis

Pharyngitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

gram:

Shape:

A

Gram negative

Diplococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the virulence factors of neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Variation of the antigens on Pili**- any abs you make are useless the next generation

Nonpiliated phase variants- no antibodies made

Porin protein

IgA Protease

Plasmid and chromosome-mediated resistance to penicillins, tetracyclines, spectinomycin and fluoroquinolones 💀

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Is it common to see relapses of gonorrhoeae infection

A

Yes, because neisseria gonorrhoeae changes the antigen on its pili with every generation, so any antibodies you make will be worthless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Do we see much antibiotic resistance in neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

YES

Plasmid and chromosome-mediated resistance to penicillins, tetracyclines, spectinomycin, and fluoroquinolones
***

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Can you get gonorrhea from a toilet seat

A

Unlikely.

Nonsexual transmission is extremely rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Who has the highest rate of gonorrhea

A

Adolescents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why are we seeing more cases of gonorrhea?

A

People are slutty now

No good way to detect asymptomatic cases

Beta-lactamase positive strains

Lack of public appreciation of its importance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the major reservoir of neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

The asymptomatic patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How does neisseria gonorrhoeae cause cell damage

A

Lipooligosaccharide

Peptidoglycan (even though its gram negative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Let’s look at a summary of the pathogenesis of neisseria gonorrhoeae becasue he loves to ask questions about this shit and i dont know how to make cards for it

A
  • attaches to epithelium via pili and surface proteins
  • bacteria alter their surface properties (antigenic variation of pili and surface proteins). Retardation of phagocytes activity due to surface proteins
  • injury to cells via released LOS and peptidoglycan
  • spread to other tissues via Pilar attachment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Do we see discharge with gonorrhea?

A

YES, a thick mucupurulent discharge in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the complications of gonorrhea?

A

Acute salpingitis or PID

Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI)

Local effects - blindness?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is PID?

A

Bacteria spread along Fallopian tubes and into pelvic cavity causing peritonitis and abscesses

Can lead to INFERTILITY**, ectopic pregnancies, and chronic pelvic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What organisms can cause PID

A

Gonorrhea, chlamydia, and anaerobes

46
Q

What is Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI)?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae gets into the BLOODSTREAM and spreads everywhere, especially into the JOINTS causing a PURULENT ARTHRITIS****

May also cause endocarditis or meningitis

47
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing gonorrhea?

A

Nucleic acid amplification (PCR)

48
Q

What is “nongonococcal urethritis”

A

A wastebasket diagnosis because it encompasses literally everything thats not gonorrhea:

Chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma

49
Q

What are the 3 kinds of chlamydia diseases?

A

Psittacosis due to c. Psittaci

Pneumonia due to c. Pneumoniae

Trachoma, conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum and non gonococcal urethritis due to c. Trachomatis

50
Q

True or false:

Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular organism

A

True, they require ATP from the host

51
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

gram:

A

Gram negative

TINY!! Can’t even see it with a microscope

52
Q

Which organism has a reticulate body and elementary body

A

Chlamydia

53
Q

Which form of chlamydia is infectious and which form is intracellular

A

Infectious: elementary body

Intracellular: reticulate body (active growth form)

54
Q

Who has the highest prevalence of chlamydia

A

Teenagers

55
Q

Can chlamydia cause PID in women?

A

Yes, one of the major causes.

Leads to sterility and ectopic pregnancy in chronic infections

56
Q

If an infant is born to a mom with chlamydia, what are the major symptoms that the baby got it too

A

Inclusion conjunctivitis** 👀

pneumonia

57
Q

What kind of penis discharge would we see with chlamydia

A

Watery

Vs gonorrhea that was mucoid

58
Q

How does chlamydia present in men and women

A

Men: urethritis (often asymptomatic) and epididymitis, WATERY discharge 🌊

Women: cervicitis, salpingitis, PID

59
Q

What is lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Boils in the groin area caused by chlamydia, but a DIFFERENT serotype than the one that causes the STD stuff

60
Q

If your patient showed up with huge boils in his groin and you suspected it was lymphogranuloma venereum, how would you make a definitive diagnosis?

A

Biopsy the boil and then look for chlamydia (either isolation in cell culture or nucleic acid probe)

61
Q

What do we think causes chronic inflammation from chlamydia?

A

Toxin-producing strains. Toxin functions like Toxin B of C. Diff.

The protein scaffolding of infected cells collapses, causing the cells to separate from each other.

62
Q

What are the options for diagnosing chlamydia and which is the gold standard

A

Isolation in cell culture using human cell lines (gold standard)

Nucleic acid probes (very sensitive**)

Antigen detection

63
Q

How do you isolate chlamydia in cell culture?

A

Drop sample onto human immortalized cell lines and look for intracellular inclusions/clearing zones **

Sensitivity less than 85%, but is still the gold standard test

64
Q

What is ureaplasma urealyticum?

A

Closely related to mycoplasma, causes non gonococcal urethritis.
No cell walls.

65
Q

What are the 3 main categories of vaginitis?

A

Trichomoniasis

Bacterial vaginitis

Yeast vaginitis

66
Q

What are the 3 types of trichomonas, and which ones are part of the normal flora

A

Trichomonas tenax- normal mouth flora

Trichomonas hominis- normal intestine flora

Trichomonas vaginalis- cause of STD

67
Q

What is the size of trichomonas vaginalis?

A

HUGE

68
Q

What does trichomonas vaginalis look like?

A

HUGE flagellated protozoan

69
Q

Does trichomonas live intracellular?

A

No, is an Extracellular anaerobe

70
Q

Is trichomoniasis a common STD

A

VERY common

71
Q

What is the only form that trichomonas vaginalis exists in

A

Trophozoite

72
Q

What is the lifecycle of trichomonas vaginalis

A

Trophozoite acquired via sex

Parasite establishes on mucosa and multiplies

You give it to your new boyfriend

73
Q

What is the clinical presentation of trichomoniasis for men and women

A

Men: asymptomatic, maybe a little discharge 👨🏻👍

Women:Profuse vaginal discharge that is frothy and malodorous 🐟

74
Q

What does trichomoniasis often lead to in women?

A

Bacterial vaginosis due to change in environment

75
Q

How do you diagnose trichomoniasis?

A

A simple wet mount and look at with a microscope. Very very easy to identify.

Other options:
Culture
Monoclonal antibody
DNA probe test (Affirm VP III)

76
Q

Can you pick up bacterial vaginosis from having sex

A

NO IT IS NOT AN STI!!!!!!!!!

It is an overgrowth of OPPORTUNISTIC pathogens due to a change in pH!!!!!!

77
Q

What causes bacterial vaginosis?

A

A pH change from something like TRICHOMONIASIS causes an overgrowth of opportunistic bacteria

78
Q

What is the pH of vaginal secretions in normal people and in vaginosis

A

Normal: <4.5

Vaginosis: 5.0-6.0 (more basic)

79
Q

What kind of cell is in a vaginal seceriotn that is a DEAD GIVEAWAY for bacterial vaginosis****

A

CLUE CELLS

****🐝🐝🐝🐝🐝

80
Q

What are the criteria for bacterial vaginosis

A

Homogenous quality of secretions

Presence of Clue cells **

Release fishy odor when 10% KOH is added**🐟

Vaginal pH >4.5

81
Q

What tf are clue cells?

A

Epithelial cell studded with thousands of bacteria

82
Q

What are some of the similarities between bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis?

A

Discharge- thin, homogenous, grey (BV) or yellow-grey (trich), fishy odor

Basic pH

Increased concentrations of anaerobes

Response to metronidazole

83
Q

What are the most commonly encountered opportunistic mycoses (aka fungal infections) in the world?

A

Candidiases

84
Q

What are some causes of candidiasis?

A

Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Absence of competing normal flora

Introduction to abnormal site

“Pathologic” change in microenvironment/pH

Immune defect

85
Q

Whch candida species causes the most vulvovaginal candidiasis (aka yeast infection)

A

Candida Albicans

C. tropicalis and C. glabrata cause the remainder

86
Q

Can yeast infections be STDs?

A

Yes! You can pass it to your partner

87
Q

Are yeast infections usually acquired from a sex partner?

A

No, most are endogenous infections

88
Q

What does the vaginal discharge look like if woman has a yeast infection

A

Thick, white, frothy

NO ODOR

89
Q

What are the virulence factors of Candida albicans?

A

Not many.

90
Q

Which form of candida is more adhesive: germ tube or yeast cell

A

Germ tube

91
Q

How do you diagnose candida?

A

Direct microscopic examination

92
Q

Which bacteria causes “Chancroid”

A

Haemophilus ducreyi**

93
Q

Where is chancroid most common

A

Tropical countries (heat and humidity)

94
Q

What does a chancroid lesion look like?

A

Tender papule on genitalia that develops into a tender ulcer with sharp margins. Bleeds readily, very painful, and does NOT have induration (raised border)

MUCH angrier and painful than the syphilis chancre!!!***

95
Q

How soon after infections with haemophilus ducreyi will you expect to see the “soft chancre” of chancroid develop

A

3-5 days (quick)

96
Q

What is different between the edges of chancroids and chancres?

A

Chancre: hard raised edge

Chancroid: soft ragged edge, pus, blood

97
Q

How do you diagnose chancroid?

A

You need to ID haemophilus ducreyi from the chancroid ulcer or a lymph node. Growth on agar requires growth supplements (Lysed RBCs)

PCR is available as well (But haemophilus species can be part of normal flora so this might not work)

98
Q

What two organisms usually cause PID

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Chlamydia trachomatis

99
Q

What conditions increase risk of developing PID?

A

STD, especially gonorrhea or chlamydia

Prior episode of PID

Sexually active adolescent

Multiple sex partners

Frequent couching

100
Q

What are the symptoms of PID

A

Lower abdominal pain

Abnormal vaginal discharge

Painful intercourse

Increased pain with menstruation

Irregular menstruation

Fever and chills

Scarring

101
Q

Which causes problems in PID: the infection or the body’s inflammation response?

A

INFLAMMATION

102
Q

How do you diagnose PID?

A

Look for evidence of INFLAMMATION: fever, leukocytosis, high ESR

103
Q

Which virulence factor for T. Pallidum may facillitate perviascular infiltration

A

Hyaluronidase

104
Q

Which virulence factor for T. Pallidum is antiphagocytic

A

Fibronectin coat

105
Q

Which viurlence factor for T. Pallidum promotes adhereence to host cells

A

Outer membrane proteins

106
Q

Which virulence factor for n. Gonorrhoaeae confuses the host immune system

A

Antigenic variation of pili

107
Q

Which virulence factor for n. Gonorrhoeae is associated with the host not making any antibodies

A

Nonpiliated phase variants

108
Q

Which virulence factor for n. Gonorrhoeae aids in attachment

A

Porin protein

109
Q

Which virulence factor for n. Gonorrhoeae “fights back” against the host immune system

A

IgA protease

110
Q

How is n. Gonorrhoaea resistant to certain antibiotics?

A

Plasmid- and chromosome-mediated resistance

Micro Final (Lauren, Shelby, and Annie) (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions