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Repro > STIs - General > Flashcards

STIs - General Flashcards

1
Q

What is a commensal microorganism

A
  • A microorganism that derives food or other benefits from another organism without hurting or helping it
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2
Q

What is a pathogen

A
  • A microorganism that can cause distress
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3
Q

What is an infection

A
  • The invasion of all or part of the body by a microorganism
    • No symptoms - subclinical
    • Symptoms - clinical
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4
Q

What is a sexually transmissible organism

A
  • A virus, bacteria, protozoan, insect or arthropod which can be spread by sexual contact
    • Commensal
    • Pathogen
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5
Q

What is an STI

A
  • An infection by a pathogen which is sexually transmissible and which is unlikely to be transmitted by non-sexuals means
    • Neisseria gonorrhoea
    • HPV type 6
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6
Q

What is a STD

A
  • A disorder of structure or function caused by a sexually transmitted pathogen
    • Pelvic inflammatory disease
    • Genital warts
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7
Q

What were thought of as ‘venereal diseases’

A
  • Syphilis (Treponema pallidum pallidum)
  • Gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoea)
  • Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
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8
Q

Examples of bacteria in STIs

A
  • Chlamydia trachmomatis
  • Klebsiella granulomatis
  • Mycoplasma genitalium
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9
Q

Examples of viruses in STIs

A
  • HSV
  • HIV
  • HPV
  • Molluscum contagiosum virus
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10
Q

Examples of parasites in STIs

A
  • Pthirus pubis
  • Sarcoptes scabei
  • Trichomaonas vaginalis
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of STIs and the implications these have

A
  • They’re transmissible - partner notified
  • Asymptomatic most of the time - hard to eradicate from population, need to prevent
  • All manageable but not always curable
  • Avoidable - primary prevention/education
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12
Q

Types of transmission of STIs (high to low)

A
  • Group sex
  • Anal sex
  • Vaginal sex
  • Oral sex
  • Touching someone else’s genitalia with you genitals
  • Mutual masturbation
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13
Q

What activities are required for transmission of certain STIs

A
  • Genital contact only
    • Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis)
    • Scabies (sarcoptes scabeii)
    • Warts (HPV types 6&11)
    • Herpes (HSV type 1&2)
  • Group sex
    • Hep C
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14
Q

Why are STIs important

A
  • Can cause morbidity and can kill
    • Unpleasant symptoms
    • Psychological stress
  • Drain on resources
    • Managing infertility due to chlamydia - cost of IVF
    • Cost of HIV medication and related condition
    • Time off work to freeze warts
  • Common
    • More than 1m new everyday
    • More than 500m have genital herpes
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15
Q

Common symptoms of STIs

A
  • Fever
  • Rash
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Malaise
  • Infertiloity
  • Cancer - 250,000 + deaths from cervical cancer
  • 300,000 adverse pregnancy outcomes from syphilis
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16
Q

General principles of management of STIs

A
  • History
  • Partner notification
  • HIV testing
  • Health promotion
17
Q

What needs covered in the consultation for STIs

A
  • Presenting complaint
  • HPC
  • PMH
  • DH
  • Gynae history
  • Direct Qs about symptoms
18
Q

Why is a sexual history necessary

A
  • Determining possible cause of symptoms
  • Detecting high-risk behaviour and advising to reduce further risk
  • Tracing contacts
19
Q

What is the contents of a sexual history

A
  • When did you last have sexual intercourse
  • casual contact vs ‘regular’ partner
    • How long
  • Male or females
  • Nature of sex
    • Anxiety
    • Location of swab
  • Condoms
  • Contraception
  • Nationality of contact
20
Q

Risk assessment of male STIs

A
  • Ever had sexual contact with a man
  • ever injected drugs
  • Sexual contact with
    • Someone’s whose injected drugs
    • Someone from outside UK
  • Medical treatment outside of UK
  • Involvement in sex industry
21
Q

Ways of partner notification of STIs

A
  • Patient tells contact ‘client referral’
  • NHS tell contact ‘provider referral’
22
Q

What is important health promotion regarding STIs

A
  • Condoms prevent transmission of some STIs
    • E.g. HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhoea
  • Condoms aren’t good at preventing transmission of other STIs
    • Herpes, warts
  • Oral sex carries risks
  • Alcohol and drugs
23
Q
A

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