STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (DEEP MARINE)

Question 1

Largest area of sediment accumulation on Earth

Answer 1

Deep Marine

Question 2

How much of the area of the globe is occupied by ocean basins?

Answer 2

71%

Question 3

Deeply incised steep sided erosional features that commonly cut continental slopes and which act as conduits for the transfer of water and sediment from the shelf and usually cnotrols the formation and position of submarine sea fans

Answer 3

Submarine Canyons

Question 4

Flas surfaces interruptions over isolated hotspots which can be wholly submarine or may build up above water as volcanic islands

Answer 4

Seamounts/Guyot

Question 5

Deepest part of the oceans formed in regions of subductions

Answer 5

Trenches

Question 6

Mariana Trench is what kind of trench?

Answer 6

Starved

Question 7

Remobilisition of mass of poorly sorted sediment rich mixture from the edge of the shelf or the top of the slope

Answer 7

Underwater Debri Flow

Question 8

What characterizes the top surface of a submarine debris flow?

Answer 8

Grading up ito finer deposits due to dilution of the upper part

Question 9

Dilute mixtures of sediment and water moving as mass flows under the influence of gravity and is the most important mechanism for moving coarse clastic materials in deep marine

Answer 9

Turbidity Currents

Question 10

Deposits which can range from few mm to tens of meters ad are carried by flows with seds concetration of a few parts per thousands to 10%

Answer 10

Turbidites

Question 11

Dilute: Turbidity Currents: Dense:

Answer 11

Density Currents

Question 12

Low Density: Bouma Sequqnce = High Density turbidites:

Answer 12

Lowe Sequqnce

Question 13

Low Efficiency system vs High Efficiency System

Answer 13

LES when sandy sediments are carried only short distance and tends to accumulate at the Basinal Margins with less mud

HES when sandy materia are hundreds of Kilometers tends to accumulate far from the basin margins and is muddy

Question 14

An area near the basin margin where sediment is not deposited and there may be scouring of the underlying surface

Answer 14

Bypass Zone

Question 15

Flow associated with triggering of Turbidity and Density currents

Answer 15

Quasisteady flow

Question 16

A body of sediment on the sea florr deposited by mass flow prcesses that may be fan shaped but more elongate , lobate geometries are also common

Answer 16

submarine fan

Question 17

Clastic: Submarine fans = Carbonate seds:

Answer 17

Slope-Apron System

Question 18

Architectural elements/Components of a submarine fan system

Answer 18

1) Channels
2) Lobes
3) Sheets

Question 19

These are components of a fan system where in sediment and water are funneld by scours that are not incised into bedrock but are rather into underlying submarine fan deposits

Answer 19

Submarine Channels

Question 20

Deposits in submarine channels

Answer 20

Thick Sturctureless Coarse Sands to granule (Ta-b, S1-3)

Question 21

Formed by the lateral spilling out of dilute portions of the flow which contains sand silt and mud and spreads out with a low angle, wedge shaped geometry

Answer 21

Submarine Channel Levee

Question 22

deposits in submarine levee

Answer 22

Thiniing Tce Tde

Question 23

Forms at the istal ends of channels where turbidity currents spra out

Answer 23

Depositional lobe

Question 24

Depsitional characteristics of lobe progradation

Answer 24

Coarsening up

Question 25

These contains most complete bouma sequence

Answer 25

Depositional Lobes (Ta-e or Tb-e)

Question 26

Deposits of turbidity current that are not restricted to deposition on a lobe

Answer 26

Turbidite sheets

Question 27

Four Submarine systems

Answer 27

1) Gravel dominated 2) Sandy 3) Mixed Sandy and Mus 4) Muddy

Question 28

Parts and corresponsing architerctural elements* Not applied for gravel and muddy systems

Answer 28

Upper Far(Inner fan) Channel and Levees Mid Fan Deposiional lobes Lower Fan Sheets

Question 29

Source of Gravel domnated systems

Answer 29

Braided rivers or alluvial fas

Question 30

Source of Sand rich systems which are less efficient and is chraracterized by high density (70% sand)

Answer 30

Shallow Marine

Question 31

Source of Mixed sand and Mud which are high efficient (30-19% sand)

Answer 31

River/delta system

Question 32

Largest sumarine fans systems are fed by with very elongate lobes and most of the sands are restricted to the channel

Answer 32

Large Rivers

Question 33

Flute Marks: Flow Direction= _______________: Axis of Flow

Answer 33

Groove Marks

Question 34

Which of the bourma sequence can be measured and use as a paleocurrent idicator?

Answer 34

Tc- Cross Laminated

Question 35

Sucession on prograding fan sequence

Answer 35

Thin Turbidite Sheets Coarsening Up Lobe deposits Thin Sands levee deposits Coarse Sand to Granule Channel deposits

Question 36

depositional systems on cotinental slopes and adjacent parts of the basin floor that are not fed by discrete point source (Kumbaga sabog ang flow at hindi focused)

Answer 36

Slope Apron

Question 37

Block of rocks in a debris avalance

Answer 37

Olistoliths

Question 38

Reworked sand from the edge of the shelf

Answer 38

Spill-over sand

Question 39

Deposits removbilized by Geostrophic or Thermohaline currents that flow along the sea floor parallel to the bathymetric contours of the continental margin

Answer 39

Contourites

Question 40

Pelagic means

Answer 40

Open Ocean

Question 41

Wind blown Suspened material that was loating in the ocean away from the shorelines and has settled on the sea floor

Answer 41

Pelagic sediments

Question 42

organism that contribute to calcareous ooze

Answer 42

1) Forams Nannoplanktons 2) Chrysophyte Algae 3) Coccoliths

Question 43

Organism that form siliceous ooze

Answer 43

Diatoms 5-50microns Radiolarians 5-500 microns

Question 44

Lithification of Calcaerous ooze forms

Answer 44

Pelagic Mudstone

Question 45

Lithification of Siliceous Ooze

Answer 45

Chert

Question 46

Which is slower to form?

Answer 46

Silicerous ooze

Question 47

Unstable Opal alters to

Answer 47

Chalcedont (Radiating)

Question 48

Primary Chert: Deeep Sea = Secondary Chert:

Answer 48

Nodular in a host limestone

Question 49

depths at which calcite starts to dissolve

Answer 49

Lysocline (3000m)

Question 50

Depths at which calcite compeletelt dissolve

Answer 50

Caclcite Compensation Depth (4000m) not contsant

Question 51

this marks the depth at which opaline silica dissolves because of pressure which is usually 6000 m

Answer 51

Opal Compensation Depth (OCD)

Question 52

Red brown mudrocks are indicative of

Answer 52

Hadal zones

Question 53

Fine grained sediment that is dervie from a nearby continent

Answer 53

Hemipelagic

Question 54

Minerals that precipitate directly on the sea floor

Answer 54

Chemogenic ocean deposits

Question 55

Silica that can be chemogenic

Answer 55

Zeolites

Question 56

Black Smokers: Iron Sulfides = White smokes:

Answer 56

Barite and Calcium Silicates

Question 57

Important fossil indicator of mudrocks formed at ocean basins

Answer 57

Graptolites