Streetcar- vocab

Question 1

kinesics

Answer 1

Gestures, postures, eye and facial
movements, other body movements due
to feelings and emotions: e.g. trembling.

Question 2

proxemics

Answer 2

Movement in relation to another
character’s personal space: e.g. moving
closer to, further away from.

Question 3

Haptics

Answer 3

Touching another person: e.g. holding,
shaking, kissing.

Question 4

Face threatening

Answer 4

When you attempt to reduce or harm
somebody else’s status.
E.g when Stanley calls Blanche a ‘Canary bird’

Question 5

Enhancing positive face

Answer 5

When other person allows you to maintain a
high status.
E.g when Blanche says to Mitch ‘it’s healthy to pespire’

Question 6

Protecting negative face

Answer 6

When you protect somebody’s negative face,
you are avoiding a direct confrontation.
E.g Stella

Question 7

Hegemonic masculinity

Answer 7

the prevalent view of society about what it is to be masculine: i.e behaviours, appearances, interests etc. that keep men in a dominant power over women.

Question 8

Hegemonic femininity

Answer 8

the prevalent view of society about what it is to be feminine: i.e behaviours, appearances, interests etc. that keep women subordinate to men.

Question 9

Accommodation theory

Answer 9

Developed by linguist Howard Giles, suggests that we adjust our speech to accommodate, or to suit, the other participants in the conversation.

Question 10

Mutual convergence

Answer 10

Occurs when a speaker’s style of speech moves closer to that of another person in order to reduce the social distance between them.

Question 11

Downwards convergence

Answer 11

occurs when a speaker adopts the language characteristics of a person he/she is addressing, who has a perceived lower social status.

Question 12

Upward convergence

Answer 12

happens when a speaker of lower status will attempt to converge towards the language characteristics of a higher status speaker.

Question 12

Mutual convergence

Answer 12

is where both speakers converge to linguistically ‘meet in the middle’.

Question 13

Divergence

Answer 13

speakers’ styles of speech move further apart, increasing social distance.

Question 13

Grice’s Maxims

Answer 13

Maxims of Quality. Be truthful. Only say that for which you have adequate evidence.

Maxims of Quantity. Provide as much information as required.

Maxim of Relation. Be relevant. Don’t answer a question with something not relevant (e.g. Blanche’s silly stories).

Maxims of Manner. Avoid ambiguity. Be clear, brief and orderly.

Question 14

Smooth speaker switch

Answer 14

expected form of conversation, no overlap of speakers

Question 15

Overlap

Answer 15

speakers speaking over each other (often excitedly or due to enthusiasm - generally not maliciously or disrespectfully).

Question 16

A symbol

Answer 16

A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material
object representing something abstract.

Question 17

Politeness theory

Answer 17

According to Brown and Levinson, politeness strategies are developed in order to save the hearer’s “face.”Usually you try to avoid embarrassing the other person, or
making them feel uncomfortable.

Question 18

Assertives

Answer 18

speech acts that commit a speaker to the truth of what they are saying, such as a
statement like “I am not married”.

Question 19

Directives

Answer 19

speech acts that are to cause the hearer to take a particular action, like requests,
commands and advice. “Don’t forget your homework.”

Question 20

Commissives

Answer 20

speech acts that commit a speaker to doing some future action, e.g. promises and
oaths. “I promise I won’t forget my essay.”

Question 21

Expressives

Answer 21

speech acts that express the speaker’s attitudes and emotions, e.g. congratulations,
excuses and thanks. “I’m really sorry that I forgot my coursework draft.”

Question 22

Declaratives

Answer 22

speech acts that change the reality of the situation, e.g. baptisms or pronouncing
someone husband and wife.

Question 23

Peripeteia

Answer 23

reversal of fortune

Question 24

Catharsis

Answer 24

A sudden emotional breakdown or climax that involves overwhelming feelings of great sorrow, pity, laughter or any extreme change in emotion that results in the restoration, renewal and revitalization for living

Question 25

Hamartia

Answer 25

error committed by tragic hero that leads to their downfall and death

Question 26

Hubris

Answer 26

Overbearing pride or presumption, especially towards the gods. Excess confidence

Question 27

Characteristics of a tragic hero

Answer 27

1) nobility 2)hamartia 3)anagnorisis 4)audience must feel dramatic irony for the character

Question 28

Anagnorisis

Answer 28

The discovery or recognition that the reversal of fortune was bourght about by the hero's own actions

Question 29

Locutionary act

Answer 29

the performance of an utterance: the actual utterance and its surface meaning

Question 30

Illocutionary act

Answer 30

the pragmatic, intended meaning of the utterance; its significance and force in its particular context

Question 31

Perlocutionary act

Answer 31

the utterance's actual effect on the hearer, such as persuading, convincing

Question 32

Realism

Answer 32

Characters are believable everyday types etc

Question 33

Naturalism

Answer 33

Extreme realism

Question 34

Southern Belle

Answer 34

Fabled creature had to conform to social expectations; she was expected to be innocent, childlike, decorous, demure and submissive.

Question 35

Positive politeness

Answer 35

Speech intended to avoid offense by highlighting friendliness E.g 'It's been a long time since breakfast, how about some lunch'

Question 36

Adjacency pairs

Answer 36

An example of conversational turn-taking. An adjacency pair is composed of two utterances by two speakers one after another. E.g a question and then an answer

Question 37

Diminutive

Answer 37

Shortening of a name, typically used informally

Question 38

Expressionist play

Answer 38

A style of writing in which the writer seeks to express the inner world of emotion, rather than the external reality

Question 39

Domestic tragedy

Answer 39

A tragedy with a focus on personal affairs often set in a small house hold.

Question 40

Register

Answer 40

The formal and informal style of text/speech. E.g a high or low register

Question 41

Turn taking

Answer 41

Standard conversational discourse structure. Respective turns taken to speak by each participant

Question 42

Expressive locutionary force

Answer 42

Speech acts that effect the speakers attitude and emotion

Question 43

Nomenclature

Answer 43

A system or set of names or terms for things/people.

Question 44

Term of address

Answer 44

A word or phrase used to address or refer to someone or something without using his her or its name

Question 45

Commissive locutionary force

Answer 45

Speech that commits teh speaker to doing some future action

Question 46

Paralinguistics

Answer 46

Non-lexical features of communication by speech. Can include: Accent, pitch, volume, speech rate, modulation, and fluency. Some researchers also include certain non-vocal phenomena under the heading of paralanguage: facial expressions, eye movements, hand gestures,

Question 47

Pathos

Answer 47

The power of a person, situation, piece of writing or work of art to cause feelings or sadness

Question 48

Negative politeness

Answer 48

Politeness strategy based on the speakers minimising imposition of the addressee Negative politeness is used when speakers know they are impinging on a person’s time or space and want to minimise the potential threat or awkwardness. Negative politeness can be expressed by being indirect, using hedges, minimizing imposition, or apologizing.

Question 49

Assertive locutionary force

Answer 49

A speech act which commits the speaker to the truth of what they are saying. E.g a statement

Question 50

Bald on record

Answer 50

Does not attempt to minimise the threat to the hearers face

Question 51

Directive locutionary force

Answer 51

speech acts that direct the hearer to take a particular action

Question 52

Topic management

Answer 52

The control of the conversation in terms of speaking and topic

Question 53

Topic initiation

Answer 53

Refers to the introduction of topics for discussion

Question 54

Naturalism

Answer 54

A term often used as a synonym for realism; also view of experience that is often characterised by bleak and pessimistic.

Question 55

Interjection

Answer 55

A word thrown into a sentence or conversation

Question 56

What is asymmetry

Answer 56

In conversation analysis, asymmetry is an imbalance in the relationship between speaker and hearer(s) as a result of social and institutional factors

Question 57

Social diexis

Answer 57

Can be name calling or can just be referring to other people i.e ‘they’